Oak Street 
UNCLASSIFIED 


TEXAS CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY 


BULLETIN 


Number 2, Vol. XX. 
March, 1924 


NATURAL HISTORY MANUAL OF 


THE T. C. U. VICINITY 
(Fourth Edition) 
THE LIBRARY OF THE 
OCT 7- 1937 


UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 


Prepared by 
HORTENSE WINTON, W. M. WINTON 
and GAYLE SCOTT 


Published Quarterly by 
TEXAS CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY 
Fort Worth, Texas 
SUBSCRIPTION FREE 


- Entered as Second Class Matter at the Postoffice at Fort 
Worth, Texas, Under the Act of August 24, 1912. 


Tit LIBRARY 
OF THE © 
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINGIS 


FLOWERING PLANTS 


Po 


Z 


TCA BoLnerin 


DCU eee 


A. 


TREES 


Leaves compound (PI. II). 
Leaves once pinnate (PI. II, fig. 1). 


Leaflets without glands at the base.......... Family 
Leaflets with glands at the base............. Family 
Leaves twice (or more) pinnate (PI. II, fig. 8). 
Plants: thorny 3% fae ee eae ee Family 
Plants not/thomy 12:44 22 « ee eee ee Family 
Leaves simple (PI. I). 
Leaves opposites (PI. III, tig.) 8. oo eee Family 


Leaves alternate (PI. III, fig. 6). 

Margin of leaf entire, or nearly so (PI. III, fig. 1). 
Leaves cordate, fruit a pea pod (PI. I, fig. 1) . Family 
Leaves ovate, fruit a drupe (PI. I, fig. 2)... Family 
Leaves ovate, fruit orange-like, large, (Pl. V. 


fig. 1.)- soak eee Family 
Margin of leaf serrate or lobed (PI. III, figs. 
2tand 3s 
Plants: thorny; «¢. {73 Pee neces 6 eee oe Family 


Plants not thorny. 
Leaves deltoid in general outline, 
(PL.cl,. fig? 5) cee eee ee Family 
Leaves not deltoid. 
Leaves ovate, serrate (Pl. I, fig. 2, 
PL. TI, fig. 32) oo ae Family 
Leaves lobed, not serrate (PI. III, fig. 3) 
Lobes rounded in outline (PI. III, 
hig. 3)... eee ee Family 
Lobes angular (PI. III, fig. 4)... .Family 


HERBS, SH:RUBS, OR VINES 


Division I MONOCOTYLEDONS. Plants with flowers 


9 
20 


on 


the plan of 3 (or multiples of 3), Pl. VII, figs.1 and 2; with leaves 


parallel veined, Pl. I, figs. 


centric growth rings. 
Perianth free, or united only at the base of the ovary. 


Perianth in 2 series, the outer sepal-like (Pl. VII, fig. 1) . Family 
Perianth segments alike and petaloid (Pl. VII, fig. 2, 


PIE higael)): : 
Flerbs’ or. shrubs: s. estan teeter, ee Family 
Spiny :\Vinedsi.' 42s oaks A ae ee Family 


10 and 11; stems not provided with con- 


I 


Wt 


lane 7 Oe BULLETIN 2, 


C0 ee 


Perianth attached to the ovary (Pl. IX, fig. 10). 


PU arc SP a) SO aE A ee edanl teens eS SS ee 4 ne Family 6 
COURIER OMmeReSe Sree hk Ft Re Family 5 
SURI IGE Tay 50 Soak Wet SA nt Et ei Ps a ee Family 4 


Division 2. DICOTYLEDONS. | Plants with the flowers on the 
plan of 4 or 5 (PI. VII, Figs. 3 and 4); leaves netted veined (PI. I, 


fig. 12); stems showing concentric growth rings. 


Apetalous. Flowers with no corolla. (Although the calyx may be 
colored and petal-like, Pl. VII, fig. 5). 
Flowers in dense bunches, plants parasitic on other plants. Family 13 
Flowers.not in dense bunches. Calyx parts petal-like. 
oy simepenion wl -Celledity:. nau. t ctesute oriaeols Sayin he Family 12 
Ovary superior, 3-celled (Pl. VII, fig. 5)........ Family 33 


Polypetalous. Calyx and corolla both present. Petals not united. 
GPEPey [ipetig. 6): 
A. Stamens more than 10: 
1. Shrubs or vines. 


Plants leafless, stem fleshy and thorny (Pl. V, 
Pit: atte: bar tiene se ht ee Family 36 
Plants leafy, stem not fleshy. 
Ovary |, simple. 
Fruit a pea pod (PI. IV. figs. | to 4)....Family 23 
Hrulteaearipes (rie ver Tigh 9) eee wn Se cco Family 21 
Ovaries numerous. : 
Trailing vines or shrubs with sharp spines. . Family 21 
Climbing vines without spines....... Pad Evil 1) 
2. Herbs. 
Ovaries several, simple (Pl. VI, fig. 7). 
Stamens on the receptacle (PI. IX, fig. 6)...Family 16 


Stamens on the calyx (PI. IX, fig. 7)...... Family 21 
Ovary compound (PI. VI, figs. 8 and 9). 

Stamens distinct (PI. IX, fig. 4).......... Family 18 

latices united sete. 11g, 0) v, a aly oie Family 34 


B. Stamens not more than 10: 


1. Shrubs or vines. 
Stamens distinct, flowers small and in dense 


bea het we ocak, an Ader nil deh sikh Leet: Family 30 
Stamens united in | or 2 groups, flowers pea-like, ; 
ale LVL atte ae lt) Sere ee gee ook AiR cao Family 25 
2. Herbs. 


Ovary single, 1-celled. 


4 TE GRE BUELETIN 


UCUDDDALEEA DESEO TEASE EEA EEU EEO EEA DEO DEODEODEED EEE OO EES ET EEUEEDE EEE EDESCOTEATEEGDEDEU PROT EAT TEPPEU EEO EGT EOP GE EEE EES TROL ED EERE EDESU PEA EEO DEO EEES EEO DEE EER DESDE TEODOR TERIA EEO EEE 


Corolla regular or nearly so. 
Leaves alternates... 02 ee ee oe Family 
Leaves opposite! t4 ecw etc See Family 
Corolla irregular. 


Fruit a pod, flowers pea-like (Pl. VIII, 


fig. A.) ot SoA ee Family 
Fruit a capsule, flowers not pea-like. 
Stamens}3 55 47. Recs ttoest Family 
Stamens 6, in two groups (Pl. VIII, 
figs (4) 8. core gee eal: ook eee Family 


Ovary single, 2-5-celled. 
Ovary 2-celled. 
Flowers in umbels (PI. [X, figs. 2 and 3) Family 
Flowers not in umbels (Pl. IX, figs. 5, 
6sard"'7) Re es eee Family 
Ovary more than 2-celled. 
Ovary a 4-celled capsule, flowers 4-petaled . Family 
Ovary a 5-celled capsule, flowers 5-petaled. 
Fruit with an elongated beak (Pl. IV, 
fig. 12) “oS ieee eee eee Family 
Fruit without an elongated beak (PI. IV, 
fig. 10). 
Juice sharply acid ......: fe bk ote Family 
Juice: not’ acid? “(Ply » Vik whes: 
4 and ‘5) +.: 27a eee Family 


Gamopetalous. Calyx and corolla both present. Petals 
more or less united. (Pl. VII, fig. 7.) 


A. Shrubs or herbs with woody roots. 
Flowers pea-like (Pl. VIII, fig. 1). 
Fruitia pod*(Pl. IV, figs! iste 4) 25. 5 eae Family 
Fruntsnot)'a, pod (PI... V Siew or 2s eee Family 
Flowers not pea-like. 
Fruit a 2-celled many-seeded capsule....... Family 


Fruit small drupes, arranged in fours (PI. V, 
figs 4) 0) 2 is. Lie ee alee Family 
B. Herbs or vines. 
1. Ovary superior (Pl. IX, fig. 9). 
a. Flowers regular. 
Ovary in two distinct parts. 
Flowers. blue: .:).5 \ tus «ism e fe ae Family 


24 
15 
ag, 
35 
18 


38 
19 
af 


26 


ta 
28 


25 
aie. 


49 
46 


40 


Flowers orange, green or purple....... Family 41 


Ovary not in two distinct parts. 


et CUE BULLETIN 


5 


VU 


Ovary 1-celled. 


Pirtatraspod te 4 yuh) eee Oe oe ee Family 
Fruit not a pod. 
Leaves alternate (PI. III, fig. 6) . . Family 
Leaves opposite (PI. III, fig. 5). . Family 


Ovary 2-several-celled. 
Ovary deeply 4-lobed ........... Family 
Ovary not deeply lobed. 
Cells of ovary | or 2-seeded. 
Flowers’ yellows. 2.1 ons Family 
Flowers pink, white or blue... . Family 
Cells of ovary several-seeded. 
Stigma simple (PI. IX, fig. 11) . Family 
Stigma 3-lobed (Pl. IX, 


figs "| 2): ee ee. Fees” Family 
Stigma 5-lobed (Pl. IX, 
fig 13: ath aie. Sie ee Sl Family 


b. Flowers irregular (Pl. VIII). 


Flowers pea-like, ovary I-celled, a pea-pod, 


(Dies be VAN Bas Tait bBo oe RE RE aie Family 
Flowers not pea-like; ovary 1, 2 or 4 cells. 
Ovary a |-celled, elongated capsule. . . . Family 


Ovary 2-4 cells. 
Cells each 1-seeded 
Ovary deeply 4-lobed, plant stems 


SqUaTe TGR sete. O) ae Family 
Ovary not deeply lobed. 
Stamens 4 ee... Lisa ett Family 
Stamens? Hass a. ahha ane Family 
Cells each several seeded. 
Plants: ereen pe hoe eee.» 2 Family 
: Plants without chlorophyll... . . Family 


Z. Ovary inferior (Pl. IX, fig. 8). 
Flowers in an involucrate head (Composites, 
CRON figssiv toe): uae ae Family 
Flowers not in heads. 
Stamens 3. 
Leaves alternate. 
Flowers yellow, large. Plants are 
trarlinpevinessty. SoMean. scey ster ct Family 
Flowers purple, small. Plants erect. . Family 


ae 


44 
39 


46 


45 
42 


48 


54 
55 


6 eG TRB GEcEerIN 


Tee eee ee eee 


Leaves opposite, flowers white and small. Family 53 
Stamens 4 or 5. Flowers pink, petals 4... Family 51 
FAMILY 1 (Commelinaceae) 


1. Commelina crispa. Day flower. Petals blue, unequal, two large 
and one small. Leaf blades lanceolate. Leaf sheaths thin, pale. 


slimy and viscid. (Pl. VII, fig. 1.) 
FAMILY 2 (Liliaceae) 


Plants withia woody root,.no»bulb’ 7)... 2. 2 > see Yucca 
Plants with bulbs or corms. 
Flowers umbelled (PI. LX, fig. 1). 
Perianth 6-parted. 


‘ Late. 
yer Tradescantia humilis. Spiderwort. Petals 3, equal, blue. Sap &7 


Odor <distinctly *onion-lkes7%..50... « 2. . oe Allium 
Odor‘ notonion-likest. 7 Geen aoe ee Nothoscordium 
Perianth funnel-form#=s- hae cee ee Androstephium 
Flowers not umbelled. 
Low herbs, leaves only 2 and mottled....... Erythronium 
Tallcherbs; leaves: matty?;. sve nets ee Quamasia 


3. Yucca arkasana. ‘Spanish Dagger.’’ Bear grass. Leaves linear, 
spike-like. Plants low and bushy, bearing flowers on a tall spike. 
° Flowers white, large. Late. 
M4 Allium helleri. Wild garlic. Wild onion. Flowers in dense umbels, @ 
white or pinkish in color. Odor of plant garlic-like. Early. 
4. Nothoscordium bivalve. Wild onion. Crow poison. Flowers white, 
cream or greenish. Common. Early. 

6. Androstephium ceruleum. ‘*Wild hyacinth.’’ Plants small and ob- 
scure, growing usually on rocky hillsides. Flowers lilac to violet 
in color, fragrant. Early. 

7. Ervythronium albidum coloratum. Adder’s tongue. Dog toothed 
violet. Flowers rather large, white, sometimes lavender. Leaves 
conspicuously mottled with brownish red. Early. 

8. Quamasia hyacinthifolia. Quamash. Wild hyacinth. Flowers vary- 
ing from white to blue. Odor distinctly hyacinth-like. Plants 
often grow in clumps. 


RAMI ava a(omlaceas) 


9. Smilax bona-nox. Bristly Greenbriar. Cat-briar. Stems trailing or 
climbing. Armed with spines. Leaves deltoid in shape, smooth 


dey CU BULLETIN 7 


TO eee eee ee eee 


10. 


i) 


14. 


a 


on both sides, sometimes bearing small spines on the margins. Ex- 
iremely common in deep woods. Early. 


FAMILY 4 (Amaryllidaceae) 


Cooperia drummondi. Rain lily. Flowers white, sometimes tinged 
with purple, salver form. Perianth with 6 spreading parts united 
into a tube. Plants blossom 48 hours after a rain. Late. 


FAMILY 5 (Iridaceae) 


. Nemastylis acuta. Flowers large, blue. Petals 3; stamens 3, yel- 


low large. Leaves narrow and folded lengthwise. Fruit a cap- 
sule. 

Sisyrinchium amoenum. Blue-eyed grass. Flowers small, blue. 
Plants quite grass-like in appearance. (Pl. VII, fig. 2.) 


FAMILY 6 (Orchidaceae) 


. Ibidium gracile. (Gyrostachys gracilis, Spiranthes). Ladies’ 


tresses. An orchid. Pale greenish white flowers arranged in a 
spiral spike. Leaves shriveling quickly. Often common along 
the “River Road”’ northwest of the campus. Late. 


FAMILY 7 (Juglandaceae) 


Hicoria pecan. Pecan. Large, slender and graceful tree. Leaves 
compound. Fruit a nut inclosed in a fleshy husk. 


FAMILY 8 (Salicaceae) 
Populus deltoides. Cottonwood. Large tree. Bark grayish green, 
deeply furrowed in old age. Trees are in two sexes, the ‘“‘male”’ 
(staminate) being the more common. Leaves deltoid in shape, 
more or less cottony beneath. (PI. I, fig. 5.) 


FAMILY 9 (Fagaceae) 


Acorn cups deep and hemispheric. 
Acorn cup with a mossy lip. Cup almost enclosing 


Peta NET Ci CARMI Ook. SNA ON Lis Sle Q. macrocarpa 
Acorn cup without mossy lip. ............. Q. marylandica 
Acorn cup shallow and saucer shaped. 
Cups small, averaging 14 inch or less............ Q. nigra 
Cups large, averaging I inch or more.......... Q. schneckit 


16. Quercus macrocarpa. Burr oak. Mossy cup oak. Leaves large, 


Je 


5 to 8-lobed, dark green and smooth above, white and hairy be- 
neath. Acorn large and mossy. (PI. III, fig. 3.) 


Quercus marylandica. Black jack oak. Leaves broad at the apex, 


8 


A. GUS BUELETIN 


VU eee 


ak 


2 oe 


23s 


2 to 5-lobed, dark green and shiny above, brown and hairy be- 
neath. 


. Quercus nigra. Water oak. A very large spreading tree found 


near the water. ‘hese trees mark the water courses of the entire 
Southwest. Leaves large, usually lobed at the apex, green and 
shining on both sides, spatulate. (PI. I, fig. 6.) 


. Quercus schneckti. Spanish oak. Red oak. A small tree. Leaves 


deeply lobed, 5 to 7 lobes. 
FAMILY 10 (Ulmaceae) 


Celtis mississippiensis. Hackberry. A large tree. Leaves ovate, 
slightly serrate. (PI. I, fig. 2.) Bark smooth, but broken by 
prominent corky ridges on old wounds. Fruit a small hard-seeded 
drupe. 


. Ulmus crassifolia. Scrub elm. very common small tree. Leaves 


small, thick, elliptic, serrate, often doubly serrate. Can be distin- 
guished from U. alata by the absence of cork wings on the twigs. 
(Plislange/2) 
Ulmus alata. Winged elm. Cork elm. Small tree, like the above, 
but with many of the twigs provided with flat corky ridges or 
“wings.” 

FAMILY 11 (Moraceae) 
Toxylon pomiferum. Osage orange. Bois d’arc. ‘Trees small. 
Fruit large and spheroidal. (Pl. V, fig. 1.) Stem and twigs 
with many sharp spines. Sap milky, sticky. Late. 


FAMILY 12 (Urticaceae) 


Urtica chamaedryoides. Small stinging nettle. Small herbs. Plant 
armed with scattered stinging bristles. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, 
leaf margins serrate. Flowers small, greenish. 


FAMILY 13 (Loranthaceae) 


Phoradendron flavescens. Mistletoe. Small plants, parasitic on 
trees. Conspicuously green in winter. Fruit a small white berry. 


FAMILY 14 (Aijzoaceae) 


(Representatives of this family are omitted from this edition. ) 


FAMILY 15 (Caryophyllaceae) 


. Silene antirrhina. ‘‘Chickweed.’’ Sleepy catchfly. Plants eT . 


and covered with minute hairs. Flowers small, white. Calyx 
bell-shaped or tubular. 


Ti Co U; BULLETIN 9 


27. Alsine media. Chickweed. Plants small, branching freely from 
the base. Leaves heart-shaped. Petals white, deeply 2-cleft, 
and about one-half length of the green sepals. Common in front 
of Main building on campus, in early Spring. 


FAMILY 16 (Ranunculaceae) 


PeCOCAN DET LAMELOSiOLRVINES: mek, dd te ees leo eines Oe oak Viorna 
Erect herbs. 
Flowers small and “‘daisy-like’’ (Pl. LX, fig. 6)... .Anemone 
Flowers large and spur-shaped .............. Delphinium 

28. Viorna simsii. Clematis. Leather flower. Flowers purple. Leaf 
blades pinnate. Stem a climbing vine. Late. 

29. Anemone decapetala.. Anemone. Wind flower. ‘“‘Daisy.’’ Small 
plants. Flowers 14 inch or more in diameter, white to purplish. 
10-20 petal-like sepals. Early. 

30. Delphinium albescens. Larkspur. Tall plepts. Flowers white to 
blue, with 5 irregular petal-like sepals, the upper one prolonged 
into a spur. 


FAMILY 17 (Menispermaceae) 
31. Cebatha caroliniana. Moonseed. Coral Bead. A climbing vine 
wa conspicuous red berries, the seeds of which are coiled spirally. 

ate. 

FAMILY 18 (Papaveraceae) 
32. Argemone platyceras. Mexican poppy. Flowers large, white. 
Plants covered with sharp spines. Sap abundant and yellow in 

color. Late. (PI. LX, fig. 4.) 

+33. Capnoides aureum. Golden corydalis. Flowers yellow and with 
short spurs. Fruit a slender pod. Plants small and usually rather 


pale. Early (PIP VITT figs 4.) 
FAMILY 19 (Cruciferae) 


PO WeremVicl Guero etlette r od ae oem ete ct os ee ae Lesquerella 
Flowers white. 
Seed pods triangular or heart-shaped............... Bursa 
COC ETM IaES ADC EM emis, aie. oh net st. e est eke) Draba 
“ Seed pods circular and arranged in “‘terraces’...... Lepidium 


“34. Lesquerella gracilis. Wild mustard. Slender Bladder pod. Flow- 
ers yellow. Petals 4. Seed pods globose. Plants very abundant. 
Early. 


35. Bursa bursa-pastoris. Shepherd’s purse. Plants small, branching. 


10 


ENG. EhaBoELEDIN 


TTTPRTITEILEIULELLL EPO RPOUEODLEDPEOEEO SPOS ROOEEODEOELIELOSEOSPOOEOSOLEPDEI POOLED EPOSEDSEDOREODEOSOOOLITIEPEIDEIOLSIRORLOPLOEPDEDOI EPIL CIEDOPLIDEEELEOPEPPEULOEEEOLEOL EOL UOELE LLL LL Ee Ly 


36. 


42. 


43. 


44, 


Leaves deeply incised. (PI. I, fig. 8; Pl. IV, fig. 5.) Flowers 
small, white, 4-petaled. Early. 

Draba cuneifolia. Alpine mustard. Whitlow grass. (PI. IV, 
fig. 6.) Very small plants, erect, hairy. Minute white flowers. 
‘These are often the first flowers of the season. Early. 


. Lepidium virginicum. Peppergrass. Flowers small, white, 4-pet- 


aled. Seed pods flat and circular and arranged along the stem 


in irregular flat layers. (PI. IV, fig. 7.) 
FAMILY 20 (Platanaceae) 


. Platanus occidentalis. Sycamore. A large tree, with coarse leaves. 


Fruit a peculiar fluffy ball. Outer bark often peels off rapidly, 
giving a characteristic naked appearance to the tree. (PI. III, 
fig. 4.) 

FAMILY 21 (Rosaceae) 


. Rubus trivialis. Dewberry. Trailing shrubs. Plants covered with 


small thorns. Flowers large, white, many petaled. Fruit resem- 


bles that of the blackberry. Early. (PI. IX, fig. 7.) 


. Rosa foliosa. Wild rose. Low erect shrubs. Flowers white, soli- 


tary, many petaled. Fruit globose, the calyx persisting. Late. 


. Prunus angustifolia. Creek plum. Sand plum. A woody shrub, 


growing in clumps. Flowers white, fragile, fragrant. Fruit a 


reddish plum. Early. (Pl. V, fig. 3.) 


FAMILY 22 (Pomaceae) 


Crataegus spathulata. White haw. Hawthorne. A small tree, 
with stout spines. Leaves fairly -large and smooth. Sometimes 
faintly 3-lobed, margins serrate above the middle. Flowers con- 


spicuous, white. Fruit a reddish plum. Early. 
FAMILY 23 (Mimosaceae) 


‘Lrees.otetall shrubs; }. 22x 4.22 oe eee Prosopis 
Herbs. 
Blowers yellow) 20. et) SO ee Neptunia 
Flowers not yellow. 
The minute spines, covering plant, hooked. ...... Morongia 
Spinés:snot hooked jt 2): 2s... rete Acuan 


Prosopis juliflora. Mesquite. A small tree. Stem thorny. Fruit 
a pod. 

Neptunia lutea. Small yellow flowers in round heads. Leaves 
only slightly sensitive, but this is usually considered one of the 
sensitive plants. 


PG..US BULLETIN 11 


TOT 


45. Morongia uncinata. Sensitive plant. Sensitive Briar. Pink to pur- © 
ple minute flowers in globular heads. -Leaves extremely sensitive. 

| The true sensitive plant of this region. 

46. Morongia angustata. Sensitive plant. Like the above, but flowers 
white. Much less sensitive than the above. 

47. Acuan.illinoensis. Flowers minute, white to purple in globose heads. 
Pods in dense heads, are flatter and more curved than those of 
Morongia and the plants are much less sensitive. 


FAMILY 24 (Caesalpinaceae) 
48. Cercis occidentalis. Red bud. Judas tree. A small tree. Flow- 


ers rose colored, numerous, appearing before the leaves. Fruit a 
pea pod. Leaves cordate. Early. (PI. I, fig. 1.) 

49. Cassia chamecrista. Partridge pea. Sensitive pea. Senna. An 
herb with compound slightly sensitive leaves. Leaf stems have 
small bait cups or nectaries at the base. (PI. II, fig. 10.) Flow- 
ers yellow, slightly irregular. Late. 

50. Cassia romeriana. Partridge pea. Senna. Distinguished from the 
above by the leaves, which have only two leaflets each. (PI. II, 
fig. 9.) 

FAMILY 25 (Papilionaceae) 


Flowers pink or rose. 
Fruit a globose “‘plum,”’ flowers pale pink (sometimes 


times siavender): | ioth cee RUpee vs ool sct re sie, cles Astragalus 
Fruit not plumlike. 
Plants erect, flowers deep rich rose.......... Oxytropis 


Plants not erect, but trailing or low-growing. 
Plants with bulb-like root, flowers fragrant... . Psoralea 
Plants trailing, with forking tendrils at ends of 
LHORICANES) eS) PRUE Pooks. ee Lees are dks Vicia 
Flowers blue. 
Plants with palmately compound hoe Chin tle. )s 
flowers rather large, bright blue, the well- known 


2) 4 Te Bt nilan coe ok eli tie le tt allen yA tee Lupinus 
Plants with pinnately compound leaves. 
Leaves ending in a single leaflet............. Astragalus 


Leaves ending in forking tendrils (Pl. II, fig. 2)... . Vicia 


Flowers purple. 


Plants small, 1 foot or less in height.......... Petalostemon 
Plants large, 2 to 4 feet, flowers bright, bluish purple 
leaves? 3--or: 5-parted . usually 22.4.0. te Psoralea 


51. Astragalus crassicarpus. (Geoprumnon crassicarpum). Ground 


12 


T. C. U. BULLETIN 


eye 


ek i 


34, 


fyay 


56. 


Ol, 


59. 


60. 


plum. Low, trailing plants, appearing very early. Flowers pale, 
shading from pink to lavender. Fruit a thick pod, fleshy and 
globose, distinctly plum-like in appearance. 


Astragalus nuttalianus. Small, erect plants, with bright blue, rather 
minute flowers. Very common on the north end of the campus 
in Spring. Seed pods about 34, inch in length, when ripe are 
almost black in color, with a V-shaped groove the length of the 
pod. =CPIO LV) atigaez) 

Oxvtropis lamberti. (Aragallus.) Flowers conspicuous, rose-col- @ 
ored, in short spikes. Leaves pinnately compound, mostly basal, 
covered with grayish hairs. Seed pods keeled. One of the less 
important “‘loco’’ weeds. 


Psoralea hypogea. Small, low-growing plants, flowers in small 
dense heads, resembling clover and very fragrant. Leaves basal 
and palmately compound. Root hard, round and bulb-like. 


Psoralea rhombifolia. Plants rather large, about 2 feet and 
spreading. Flowers bright bluish purple, in “heads,” frequently 
mistaken for Texas Blue-bonnet. (The stem growth of this plant 
is markedly different from the Blue-bonnet, and only the most 
casual observer should ever mistake the two.) 


Psoralea cuspidata. ‘Yall, slender, branching plants, 2 to 4 feet. 
Flowers small, inconspicuous, dark purple in color. Leaves us- 
ually 3-parted, few in number. 


Lupinus texensis. Texas Blue-Bonnet. The official flower of the 
State of Texas. Unfortunately, it is not common around the cau- 
pus, but grows in great abundance in the region around Lake 
Worth, and on the rolling uplands southwest of Benbrook. Flow- 
ers rich blue, leaves palmately compound. Plants usually less 
than | foot high, occurring in dense clumps covering acres of 
ground. 


Vicia leavenworthit. Vetch. Small plants branching from the 
base. Flowers pink, the standard frequently striped with darker 
veins of color. Flowers numerous, on short stems, growing in the 
axils of the leaves. Seeds borne in flattened pods. 

Vicia texana. Like above, but flowers bluish, and borne on the 
end of the small flower stalk, usually not more than three or four 
in number. Pods flattened. 

Petalostemon tenuifolius. Prairie clover. This plant is difficult to 
recognize as a member of this family, because it lacks the charac- 
teristic pea-shape of the blossoms. The flowers are in dense, small 
heads, those at the base blooming first, and the unopened buds 


Ve GUS BUELETIN 13 


THe 


6l. 


62. 


63. 


68. 


70. 


arranged around the peduncle to give the effect of an elevated cone. 


FAMILY 26. (Geraniaceae) 

Erodium cicutarium. Pin clover. Small plants, hairy with pin- 
nately dissected leaves. (PI. II, fig. 5.) Flowers about 14 to 14 
inch and bright rose color. 

Erodium texanum. Stork bill. Wild geranium. Small plants, 
slightly hairy, with palmately-lobed leaves. (PI. II, fig. 6). 
Flowers fairly large, about | inch, and deep rose in color. 
Geranium texanum. Wild geranium. Crane’s bill. Plants small, 
spreading. Leaves palmately lobed, lobes dissected. (PI. II, 
fig. 7). Flowers small, pale pink, about 14 inch across. 


FAMILY 27 (Oxalidaceae) 


. Oxalis violacea. Blue sour grass. Small plants with sharp acid 


juice. Leaves trifoliate. (Pl. II, fig. 4). Flowers blue to pur- 
ple. 


. Xanthoxalis stricta. (Oxalis). Sheep sorrell. Like above, but 


flowers smaller and yellow. Fruit a slender capsule. (PI. IV, 
fig. 9.) 
FAMILY 28 (Linaceae) 


: Linum lewisit. Blue flax. Small plants with frail blue flowers, 


which are on a perfect “‘plan of five.’’ Petals shed off readily. 
(Pl. VII, fig. 4.) 


. Carthotlinum berlanderi. Yellow flax. Much like the above, but 


flowers are larger and yellow. (Pl. VII, fig. 6.) 
FAMILY 29 (Simarubiaceae) 


Ailanthus glandulosus. Tree of Heaven. Trees with a smooth, 
pale bark. No small twigs present, giving a characteristic naked 
appearance. Leaves large, compound, with many leaflets. Leaf- 
lets with glands at the base. These trees are in two sexes, the 
*“*male’’ (staminate) having an unpleasant odor. Late. 


FAMILY 30 (Rhamnaceae) 


. Ceanothus ovatus. Red root. A smooth shrub with narrow ellip- 


tic leaves. Flowers small and in dense globose heads. Flowers 
white. Ear 
FAMILY 31 (Meliaceae) 


Melia azedarach. Chinaberry tree. Bark furrowed. Leaves large, 
compound, twice or thrice pinnate. (PI. II, fig. 8.) Flowers 
purple. Fruit a yellow drupe. The domestic form known as 


14 


T-€.-U. BULLETIN 


CURUEDELEREESGT CEU EC UEC EE EEE EEE EPP ES EEE POPE EU PO LED EERE EO EO SEDO LEPEPEDOU ES EDEDEL EST EPEDEEDEERES OLED ELD O LEE 


72. 


73. 


76. 


the ‘““Umbrella tree’ is Melia azedarach var. umbreculifera, and 
differs from the wild form only in the shape of the top. 


FAMILY 32 (Polygalaceae) 


. Polygala alba. Milk Wort. Erect herbs with white flowers com- 


posed of 5 unequal sepals, the two lateral ones being petal- like 
and larger than the others. Flowers small. 


Krameria secundiflora. Sand burr. A small herb with a thick, 
woody root, the stems usually procumbent. Leaves narrow, lance- 
-olate, tipped with minute spines. Flowers red. The flowers have 
a peculiar “‘two storied’’ appearance due to the fact that the sepals 
are colored inside and are much longer than the petals. Fruit is 


the familiar little sand burr. Late. (PI. V, fig. 5.) 
FAMILY 33 (Euphorbiaceae) 


Croton texensis. Goat weed. Flowers greenish and of two sexes 
(pistillate and staminate). Plants shrubby with a distinct sage- 
like odor. Plants covered with minute hairs, arranged 1 in star-like 
groups. Late. 


. Euphorbia marginata. (Dichrophyllum.) Snow-on-the-mountain. 


Tall erect herbs, the upper leaves with conspicuous white margins. 
Sap milky, flowers in small cup-shaped receptacles. Stems and 
pods hairy. Late. 


: Euphorbia arkansana. (Tithymalus)-Spurge. Plants small, in- 


conspicuous, smooth, about 6 or 8 inches high. Flowers minute, 


greenish yellow. Fruit a 3-lobed warty capsule. (PI. IV, fig. 
11.) 


Jatropha stimulosa. Bull nettle. Spurge netile. Plants heavily 
armed with stinging spines. Leaves broad, 3-5 lobed, lobes 
toothed. Flowers large, white and in clusters. (Pl. VII, fig. 5.) 


FAMILY 34 (Malvaceae) 


. Callirrhoe digitata. Claret cup. Poppy mallow. ‘‘Hollyhock.”’ 


Low trailing plants with conspicuous cup-like flowers. Flowers 
mostly reddish purple, but pure whites occur. Leaves arranged in 
3-5 leaflets. Very abundant. (PI. VI, fig. 5; Pl. LX, fig. 5.) 

Callirrhoe involucrata. Claret cup. Greatly resembling the above, 
but less common. Can be distinguished by the leaves which are 
broad and heart-shaped and divided by deep incisions into lobes, 


_ which in turn are divided into lobules. Flowers appear in late 


Spring or early Summer. 


Le CUS BuLretin 15 


Wo eee 


FAMILY 35 (Violaceae) 


79. Viola obliqua. Woods violet. The common violet of the woods 
of this region. Leaves heart-shaped at the base, with toothed mar- 
gins. Flowers blue to violet, about one inch long. eeernit 
a many-seeded, 3-parted capsule (Pl. IV, fig. 8), which is not 
a part of the flower, but it is an entirely separate structure and 
appears much later than the flower. 


80. Viola rafinesquit. Johnny-jump-up. Small plants with ovate leaves. 
Flowers small, blue. Much less common than the woods violet. 
81. Calceolaria verticillata. Nodding violet. Sepals equal; petals, 
very unequal—the 2 upper smallest, the lower largest. Plants 
6 to 12 inches tall, flowers very small bluish white in color. 


FAMILY 36 (Cactaceae) 


82. Cactus sessilis. Melon cactus. The common low cactus of the up- 
lands. Stems usually branch into short dense tufts. Flowers large, 
yellow. Late. 

§3. Opuntia macrorhiza. Prickly pear. Stems arranged in flattened 
disks, which are fleshy, green and covered with sharp spines. 


(Pl. V, fig. 7.) Flowers large, rich yellow, with reddish cen- 
ters. Late. 


FAMILY 37 (Onograceae) 


Flowers yellow, petals four. 


Flowers large, 3 inches or more.............. Megapterium 
Flowers smaller, less than 2 inches. ' 
iantiarlowsrosettent ye meek Boe ee eo Lavauxia 
Planies ssiender, cereciasienig. a0 .2'e. ka. Oe. Meriolix 
Flowers white or pink, petals four. 
Flowers *small: Uunsymmeticale, 2 ee ee ee Gaura 
Plowers large, symmetricalé4t oe eee. Hartmannia 


84. Megapterium missouriense. Giant evening primrose. Flowers yel- 
low, very large. Stem slightly hairy. Plants grow maiily on the 
| uplands. (PI. IV, fig. 13.) . . 
“85. Lavuaxia.triloba. Evening primrose. Flowers pale yellow. Leaves 
in basal rosettes. Leaves lanceolate, deeply incised. Plants grow 
“ mainly in the bottoms. Early. (PI. IX, fig. 8.) 
Me. Meriolix spinulosa. Willow weed. Stems erect, often branching. 
Leaves lanceolate, toothed or incised. Flowers yellow. Veiy 
é common on the uplands. 


87. Gaura drummondi. Flowers small, pinkish, the petals stalked and 


oO 


a 


16 TG. Ur BULLETIN 


PTT PETTPI EDIT PERPEPOPOLUIPESUIPEII LOO LOEPIPEIEIGELELELOPLOPO Pit iSO LO tPPPetPeLiSe Pires tiiteeetiii Pres ititerietetiies itis Tet titeiPitiitetiiti rei iettiet ttt tieetiiiieieeteetiiii titi ianay 


arranged in unsymmetrical groups. Leaves wavy toothed. Stem 
slightly hairy. 

PAx Hartmannia speciosa. Evening primrose. Flowers large, white, 
turning to pink. 


FAMILY 38 (Umbelliferae) 


A389, Phellopterus macorhizus. Indian potato. Flowers very small, 
white, in dense umbels. Leaves clustered. Plants low, less than 
6 inches high. Roots with tubers. These flowers bloom very 
early and are usually first noticed in fruit. _ Early, vo 
90. Daucus pusillus. Wild carrot. ‘Dart plant.’’ Flowers small, 
white, and in dense disk-like umbels. Fruit bristly, in dense disk- 
; like heads, slightly concave on the upper surface. 
or Ptilimnium laciniatum. Flattened umbels of small white flowers<> 
(Pl. IX, fig. 2.) Leaf in many finger-like divisions, each divis- 
ion being very narrow. ‘Iwo sexes present, each in individual 
flowers. Plant stem “‘grooved.’’ Late. 
yo, Eryngium leavenworthii. Plants thistle-like. Flowers in dense oval 
umbels. Flowers purple. Late. (Midsummer. ) 
93. Chaerophyllum teinturiert. Spanish needle. Flowers small, white, 
in loose open umbels. Fruit long, narrow.’ (PI. [X, fig. 3.) 


FAMILY 39 (Gentianaceae) 


94. Sabbatia campestris. Rose pink. Small plants, rather pale green in 
color. Flowers bright pink or rose color, fragrant, with yellow 
centers and conspicuous stamens. Plants grow in dense clumps 
in low, marshy places. Not very common around the campus. 

95. Eustoma russellianum. Texas Blue Bell. Plants two or three 
feet tall. Flowers large, showy, rich blue in color, tubular or bell 
shaped. Abundant in certain localities. Late. 


FAMILY 40 (Apocynaceae) 


. Amsonia texana. Texas Blue-Star. Amsonia. Small, erect plants, 
growing in clumps on the uplands. Abundant. Flowers pale 
blue, petals 5. Leaves many on the stem. _ Juice milky. Early. 

=a 


FAMILY 41 (Asclepiadaceae) 
97. Asclepias tuberosa. Chiggerweed. Milkweed. Plants with masses 
| of bright orange colored flowers. Stems with milky juice. 


¢ 998. Asclepiadora viridis. Milkweed. Flowers green. Plants with® 
Na sticky milky juice. Seed pods large. Seeds flat and provided with 


Gls BOLLETIN 17 


PUCUDEVEEUT ETE eee 


tufts of cottony hairs. Leaves lanceolate or lance-shaped. (PI. I, 
fig. 3). This is the common milkweed of this region. 


99. Aslepiadora decumbens, Milkweed. Like above, but leaves 


100. 


L101. 


pu on 
Arr 


104. 


105. 


106. 
“107 


i108. 


isto 


110. 


heavy, ovate; and plant procumbent. 

Vincetoxicum biflorum. A shrubby vine. Flowers liver-colored, 
star-shaped, with 5 petals. Fruit thick, fleshy, oval, large, hairy. 
Leaf blades ovate, cordate at the base. 


FAMILY 42 (Convolvulaceae) 
Evolvulus mollis. Low branching plants with small pinkish flow- 
ers which are tubular or bell-shaped. Leaves linear. (PI. I, fig. 
4.) Flants grayish and silky. 
Convolvulus hermannoides. Wild Morning Glory. Trailing 
plants, with small pink to white flowers, having reddish centers. 
Leaves with wavy margins. 


FAMILY 43 (Polemoniaceae) 
Phlox pilosa. Phlox. Sweet William. Plants small, erect. Flow- 
ers range in color from white to purple, salver-form.. Leaves very 
narrow, opposite. Plants hairy. 
Gilia rubra. Flame Plant. Wild cypress. Erect plants, with 
conspicuous spikes of bright red flowers. Flowers small. Leaves 
numerous and finely dissected. Late. 


FAMILY 44 (Hydrophyllaceae) 


Phacelia -glabra. Flowers salver-form. (PI. VIII, fig. 10.) 
White to purple, mostly purple. Corolla fused at the base. Plants 
small. Leaves somewhat dissected, with serrate margins. 


Phacelia imbricata. Small white to purple flowers arranged in 
spirally coiled spikes. 


FAMILY 45 (Boraginaceae) 


. Lithospermum angustifolium. Yellow puccoon. Flowers bright 


yellow, petals fusing into a long tube at the base. Petals crinkled 
at the edges. Leaves narrow and linear. 

Onosmodium molle. Flowers white, very small. Ovary separat- 
ing into 4 hard nutlets at maturity. 


FAMILY 46 (Verbenaceae) 


Verbena bipinnatifida. Wild Verbena. Flowers small, lavender. 
Plants low, bushy. Stems with minute hairs, usually in 2’s. Early. 
Verbena officinalis. Plants erect, stems often branching. Stems 


18 


};C2lUS BULLETIN 


TOC eee 


111. 


ti2, 


ii: 


1/114. 


only slightly hairy. Flowers arranged on a loose spike. Leaves 
deeply lobed, lobes in turn dissected. 

Phyla nodiflora. Stems procumbent or trailing, and jointed, tak- 
ing root at the joints. Leaves arranged in whorls around the stem 
at the joints. Flowers in small heads, white or pinkish in color, 
very small. -Leaves spatulate to ovate, toothed along the mar- 
gins. Plants very common, forming a carpet-like mat in moist 
places. 


FAMILY 47 (Labiateae) 


Flowers blue. 
Plants densely hairy. 


Plants small with long bristly hairs.......... Salviastrum 
Plants large, stem and calyx of flower covered 

with white to ‘violet’ hairs). .5./. 0...) 1 ee Salvia 

Plants ‘not densely*hairy .°. me ste te Scutellaria 


Flowers pink to rose. 
Leaves heart-shaped, edges notched, the upper leaves 


clasping the stem. Flowers deep rose .......... Lamium 
Leaves narrowly lanceolate, edges toothed above the 

middle, :plants..erect; ...255 AGles. = eee Brazoria 
Leaves lanceolate, edges not toothed, plant strongly 

aromatic 2%) ..69. tA ee ie eee Be Hedeoma 

Flowers white. 

Flowers in “‘terraces’’ clasping the stem.......... Monarda 
Flowers ‘notin. * terraces’ /4.c sais bene let ae eet Melosmom > 


Salviastrum texanum. Flowers blue. Plants covered with long 
white hairs. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip concave, much 
smaller than the 4-lobed lower lip. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip 
3-lobed, erect and crest-like; lower lip 2-parted. Throat of the 
calyx densely bearded. Leaves linear. 


Salvia farinacea. Blue salvia. Plants large, pranching freely 
from the base and covered with white to lavender hairs. Flowers 
deep purplish blue. Corolla 2-lipped—the upper lip small, con- 
cave and covered with conspicuous purple hairs. Lower lip much 
larger than upper; 3-lobed, middle lobe notched. Calyx entire 
or faintly notched. Plants aromatic. Leaves linear to lanceo- 
late. 


Scutellaria drummondi. Plants not conspicuously hairy, small, 
much branched from the base. Flowers pale blue. Corolla 
2-lipped, upper lip small, lower lip much larger, spreading 3-lobed, 
middle lobe notched. (PI. VIII, fig. 2.) Calyx 2-lipped; upper 


I 


q a9 


1G. Ye BOLLETIN 19 


HU eee eee 


115. 


118. 


ELS: 


i21. 


lip entire, erect and crest-like; lower lip sometimes slightly toothed, 
calyx closed after corolla has fallen off. Leaves oval. 


Lamium amplexicaule. Pink skull cap. Plants weakly trailing. 
Upper leaves clasping the stem. Lower leaves heart-shaped, 
edges serrate. Plants sparingly hairy. Flowers small, rose col- 
ored, 2-lipped. Upper lip erect, deep rose color, hairy. Lower 
lip cleft and drooping, often spotted with red. Early Spring 
flower in yards and gardens. 


aa Lite: ~Brazoria scutellarioides. Plants small, erect, single. Lower part 


of plant usually smooth, flowering parts bearing short, straight 
hairs. Flowers pink, spotted with red. Corolla 2-lipped, upper 
lip broad and concave, lower lip 3-lobed and spreading. Calyx 
5-parted, upper 3 sepals joined near base, but spreading at tips; 
lower 2 sepals narrow and sharp pointed. Also united near the 


‘base. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, edges toothed above the middle. 


ta Re 


Hedeoma acinoides. Lemon Mint. Pennyroyal. Plant small, 
6 to 8 inches, with opposite, linear or linear-oblong leaves. Corolla 
pinkish. Plants having strong lemon-odor. 

Monarda clinopodiodes. (Pl. VIII, fig. 3.) Horse Mint. 
Rather large, erect plants, with pale bluish white flowers arranged 
in circular “‘terraces’’ around the stem. Bracts as well as flowers 
often colored. Leaves. narrowly lanceolate, edges sparingly 
toothed. Plants strongly aromatic. Late. 

Melosmom laciniatum. White Mint. Plants small, inconspicu- 
ous. leaves 3 or 4-parted, and linear. Flowers axillary and 
greenish white. Flowers very irregular, lower petal being larger 
and more spreading than other 4. Stamens and style erect. Cor- 
olla tube flecked with purple and containing many white hairs. 


FAMILY 48 (Solanaceae) 


Flowers yellow. 


Plants spiny, flowers rich yellow......... Solanum rostratum 
Plants not spiny, flowers pale yellow....... Physalis viscosa 
Flowers not yellow. 
ieavesisilvery Halrvorta coe. Soe ees oe Solanum eleagnifolium 
Leaves not silvery hairy. 
Leaves incised, plants spiny.......... Solanum carolinense 
Leaves entire, plants not spiny.......... Solanum nigrum 


. Physalis viscosa. Small plants with ovate leaves. Flowers green- 


ish yellow with dark centers. 


Solanum rostratum. Yellow Nightshade. ‘‘Nettle.’’ Leaves 
oval, deeply lobed, hairy. Plant armed with many yellowish 


20 


Pe, Cee BULEETIN 


AUEEUUECCUEEEDECGT ECCT ECED ECG TE CLEP E ES EUEPE EET PEPE DE DED ED APPEASE PEEP EEE EET 


122: 
Peay 


124. 


ae 


128. 


129. 
130. 


spines. Flowers yellow, one stamen much larger than the others 


and beak-like. Late. 


Solanum eleagnifolium. Silver Leaf Nightshade. Leaves finely 
hairy, with wavy margins. Flowers light blue in color. 


Solanum carolinense. Horse Nettle. Leaves and stems spiny. 


Flowers blue to lavender. (PI. I, fig. 9.) 


Solanum nigrum. Black Nightshade. Leaves and stem smooth. 
Leaves ovate. Flowers small, white. Late. 


FAMILY 49 (Scrophulariaceae and Acanthaceae) 


Flowers blue. 


Flowers small, 14 inch or less; with spur.......... Linaria 
Flowers large, | inch or more; bell shaped, without 
spur. 
Pisul: bearded.. ¢:s:: hes snake ee Penstemon 


Pistil not bearded. 
Corolla flecked with purple, leaves slender. . .Calophanes 
Corolla not flecked with purple, leaves large 


and heart-shaped .”.\....2 ¢5 5.) Aeneas Ruellia 
Flowers white or rose colored. | 
Flowers white, plants growing mostly in water... .Dianthera 
Flowers rose, surrounded by scarlet or rose-colored 
bracts’ ., ¢ dh-cggy-e eo skp eee ecole ae ne Castilleja 


. Linaria texana. Toad Flax. Slender plants with,small blue 


flowers. Flowers with a 2-lipped corolla, with a spur at the 
base of the tube. 


. Penstemon cobaea. Beard Tongue. ‘‘Foxglove.’’ Corolla tubu-@ 


lar or bell shaped, blue to purple. Flowers large, 2 inches or 
more long. Plants abundant on the uplands in the late Spring. 
(PLigailaficse:) 

Calophanes linearis. Corolla flecked with purple. Leaves oppo- 
site, narrow. Plants about one foot tall. On rocky uplands in 
late Spring. 

Ruellia ciliosa. Blue flowers, funnel-form, 14 inch long. Plants 
small, hairy, leaves oblong. Calyx about half as long as the 
corolla. 

Ruellia strepens. Like above, but larger and plants not hairy. In 
shady, rather moist paces. 

Dianthera americana. Water Willow. “Orchid.” Erect herbs, 
growing in water or wet places. Flowers small, pale violet or 


eG Sh OLE TIN 21 


DUC eee 


— 


ioe: 


13: 


~ 134. 


NES. 


136. 


137. 


white. Corolla 4-parted; upper petal erect and notched; lower 
petal flecked with purple. Stamens 2. Leaves narrowly lanceo- 
late. Late. 


Castilleja purpurea. Indian Blanket. Painted cup. Small plants, o 


erect with conspicuous scarlet bracts around the scarlet or rose- 
colored flowers. Early. 


FAMILY 50 (Orobancheaceae) 
Thalesia uniflora. “‘Beech drops.’’ Entire plant flesh colored or 
white. Parasitic on other plants at the roots. Flowers white, 
tubular, terminal. Stamens 4. Late. 


FAMILY 51 (Rubiaceae) 
Houstonia angustifolia. Leaves linear; stems slender and branched. 
Flowers in clusters, small, pink. Late. — 


FAMILY 52 (Caprifoliaceae) 

Viburnum prunifolium. Black Haw. A tall shrub or small tree. 
Leaves oval. Flowers small, white, and in large flattened bunches. 
Petals 5, stamens 5. Fruit a 1|-seeded drupe with a hard stone, 
fruit purple-black. E:arly. 


FAMILY 53 (Valerianaceae) 
Valerianella amarella. Geometrical chickweed. Small plants 
with regular and ““geometrical’’ branching in 2’s. Flowers small, 
white. 


FAMILY 54 (Curcubitaceae) 


Curcubita fetidissima. “Gourd.” ‘Trailing, vine-like plants. 
Coarse large leaves. Large bright yellow flowers. Fruit spher- 


oid, gourd-like, 2 to 4 inches in diameter. (PI. V, fig. 2.) Late. 


FAMILY 55 (Campanulaceae) 
Specularia perfoliata. Venus’ Looking Glass. Flowers purple, 
5-lobed. Leaves simple, rough, heart-shaped, clasping the stem. 
Late. 
FAMILY 56 (Compositae and allies) 


Flower heads white. 
Flowers 2 to 3 inches in diameter, plants coarse and 


Dristi var meer tarutcye ear cepa eie cg eee. kno RSs a Silphium 
Flowers small, 2 inches or less in diameter. 
Flower heads globose or rounding............ Marshallia 


Flower heads not globose: 
Plants lowly, 2 to 6 inches, covered with white 


J 


22 T. C. U. BULLETIN 


QU eee eee 


‘ woolly fibers, flowers having a “‘pitted’” ap- 
pearance) ts eae SR ee Filago 
Plants 18 inches to 2 feet in height: 
Flowers ‘daisy-like:” 


Plants strongly aromaht’.... o 45). os see Achillea 
Plants. notzaromatics.,.. =. | succeed aa Erigeron 
Flowers not daisy-like, lacking ray flowers, 
and greenish white in color........ Hymenopappus 
Flower heads yellow: 

The heads large, 3 inches or more in diameter..... Helianthus 

The heads small, 2 inches or less: . 
Flowers pale yellow, juice of plant milky.......... Sitilias 


Flowers orange yellow, juice not milky: 
Disk an elevated cone, brown in color. (PI. 
VID. figs 8) So8 eo ee eas eee Dracopis 
Disk flat or nearly so. (PI. VIII, fig. 9). 
Disk flowers brown in color, the leaves finely 
dissected "3°23 SE ee eee Thelesperma 
Disk flowers yellow: 
Plants tall, 4 or 5 feet: 
Leaves spiny and arranged in a “‘north- 
south’’ direction on the stem........ Silphium 
Leaves not spiny, but coarse and hairy; 
flowers greenish yellow, very incon- 
spicuous; fruit a spiny burr........ Xanthium 
Plants 3 feet or less in height: 
Flowers characteristically having 5 yel- 
low rays sensei a eee ee Lindheimera 
Flowers with more than five rays: 
Plants hairy: 
Plants coarse, the leaves coarsely 


dissected<.: .. J ido ecvneeene Engelmannia 

Plants low growing, the leaves nar- 
LOWS SOOw Loe oats cee ee ‘Tetraneuris 

Plants not hairy: 
Leaves ‘diséécted {3 Gyre a ae Senecio 
Meavesshinear iS, Sat Rie Amphiachrys 
Flower heads pink, blue, lavender or red: ‘ 
Plants with spines, flowers bluish lavender......... Carduus 
Plants without spines: 

Flowers davender 2.°ae: Pees as ee Centaurea. 


Flowers pink or rose-colored................ Brauneria 


Tee Cow.“ BULLVETIN ya. 


COUT eee eee 


138. 


PS. 


aia 


. Achillea millefolium. Yarrow. Milfoil. 


. Helianthus annuus. 
. Helianthus maximilianit. 


. Sitilias multicaulis. 


oJ og ST? he . 
. Dracopis amplexicaulis. 


Flowers bright red, the ends of the rays tipped with 
yellow 


Gaillardia 


Silphium albiflorum. Coarse, rough plants with coarsely dissected 
leaves. Rays white. Fairly common on dry, rocky hillsides. 


Late. 


Silphium laciniatum. Compass Plant. ‘Tall, slender, rather spiny 
plants. Flower heads yellow. Leaves during the very dry sum- 
mer weather take on a characteristic ‘‘north and south’’ direction. 
Late. 


. Marshallia caespitosa. Slender plants, leaves linear and mostly 


basal. , Flowers small, white and in round or globose heads. 
Filago prolifera. Indian tobacco. Small, inconspicuous plants, 
very abundant in dry waste ground. Stems and leaves white- 
woolly; flowers minute, “buried’’ in small woolly heads. Very 
common on north end of campus. 

Tall-growing aromatic 
plants, having finely dissected fern-like leaves. Flower-heads 
small and in flattened corymbs. 

Erigeron tenuis. Slender Rough Fleabane. Fairly tall, branch- 
ing plants, slightly hairy. Flower-heads distinctly daisy-like, with 
many fine white rays. 


. Hymenopappus corymbosus. Flower heads small, greenish white. 


Disk flowers perfect, no ray flowers. Involucres white. Stems 


and leaves “‘woolly.”’ 

Sunflower. Rays yellow, disk dark purple 
Heads large, 4 inches or more across. Leaves toothed. 
Rays yellow, disk yellow. 


or brown. 
Sunflower. 


Late. 


Leaves linear. 


Dandelion. Flowers bright yellow, almost 
canary in color. Appearance like that of the common garden dan- 
delion. 

(Rudbeckia amplexicaulis.) | Clasping- 
Leaved Cone Flower. Rays yellow, usually with dark brown 
spots at the base of the rays. Disk an elevated brownish cone. 


(Pl. VIII, fig. 8.) Leaves broad and clasping the stem. 


. Thelesperma trifidum. Rays yellow, edges notched. Disk pur- sd 


plish brown. Leaves finely dissected. . Very common. 


. Xanthium speciosum. Cockle Burr. Flowers yellow, small and 


Plants bright green, with short coarse hairs. 
Texas Star. Plants lowly, with yellow 


inconspicuous. 
Lindheimera texana. 


24 ent Oh Bu aE 


POPSEETELELEESL ISI LIOU RI ELLLELSERPLLLIELPrELPLLESLILiESHLiLitliretisitiiisPetitshitiietii stilt isi itor l beret ie tt 


flowers, about one inch across. Rays yellow and few, usually 5. 

’ Bracts have minute stalked glands along the margins. 

152. Engelmannia pinnatifida. Leaves deeply incised, the lobes in. 
turn being toothed. Entire plant covered with bristly hairs. 
Flowers yellow and about one inch across. 

153. Teiraneuris linearis. (Picradenia.) Leaves linear, forming basal 
rosettes. (Pl. II, fig. 8). Flower stem long, slender and leafless. 
Flower heads yellow, about | to 2 inches across. Very common 
or rocky hillsides in early Spring. 

154. Teiraneuris linearifolia. (Picradenia.) Plants much smaller than 
above. Leaves linear, arranged alternately on the slender branch- 
ing stems. Flower heads yellow. less than | inch across. Much 

. ai PES os above, blooming in late Spring, usually. 

“155. Senecio lobatus. Groundsel. Plants tall, about 2 feet, smooth. 
Leaves much dissected and lobed. Flower heads small, 34 inch 
or less; rays yellow, disk yellow. Plants showy. 

156. Amphyachvris dracunculoides. Broom weed, August flower. 
Very common on upland prairies during late spring and summer. 
Plants about 2 feet high, leaves narrowly lmear. Flower heads 
yellow, small, 14, inch or less across, numerous, on the ends of 
the branching stems. This plant contains a resinous sap, highly 
inflammable and constitutes a very real fire menace. This menace 
exists while the plants are still green, as the upper stems and 
flowers will burn with almost explosive violence at any time dur- 
ing the flowering season. 

157. Carduus virginiana. Common Thistle. Heads lavender to purple. 
Leaves wavy and lobed, the lobes armed with long sharp spines. 
Plants bristly hairy. 

158. Centaurea americana. Star Thistle. Heads lavender, altho 
whites and purples are found. Plants tall, 2 to 3 feet, leaves 
smooth and entire. Plants not spiny. 

159. Brauneria angustifolia. (Echmacea.) Pink Cone Flower. Very 
showy plant. Rays rich pink or rose-color, disk elevated some- 
what and purplish brown in color. 

3 160. Gaillardia pulchella. Indian Daisy. Leaves lanceolate, deeply A 
toothed. Flowers showy, with rays yellow at the apex and red 
at the base in typical forms. Pure reds, pure yellows, doubles and 
many other variations-are found.’ These plants are extremely 
abundant in the late Spring and are found in clumps of many 
thousands on the uplands. This is easily the characteristic flower 
of the T. C. U. vicinity. 


T. C. U. BULLETIN 25 


DIRECTIONS FOR-PLANT COLLECTIONS 

Each student is expected to present at the end of the term, a collec- 
tion of twenty wildflowers, neatly pressed and mounted. In making 
such a collection, there are several things for the student to bear in 
mind: 

1. It is practically impossible to correctly identify a flower that has 
been pressed and dried. Bring mm from the field at least two of every 
kind—one to press and one to identify. It is often necessary to tear up 
a flower in identification, hence the need of a margin. 

2. Wherever possible, collect plants that have been in bloom long 
enough to develop fruits. This is important, because seeds are produced 
im a special organ, the ovary. In a newly open flower, this structure is 
so small that the unaided eye cannot make out the number of cells, 
seeds, etc. A\s these are factors which often form a basis for separa- 
ton, the importance of seeing them clearly is obvious. 

3. The root of a plant is often a basis for separation. Most of the 
Monocots and some Dicots have special root structures, which should be 
included in a pressed specimen. 

To Press a Plant: 
_ On a sheet of gray felt paper, place the plant in the desired position. 
Press gently with the fingers until the flowers and leaves lie flat. 

If the leaves or flowers seem too thick, trim or pick out a few where 
they will not show. 

When the plant has a thick bulbous or woody root, it may be 
thimmed away with a sharp kmife on one side. Of course, m mounting, 
this cut side should be placed next to the paper. 

Only the most general directions can be given for the actual press- 
ing, as every student will have to learn by experience what procedure 
will give the best results. For each successful press there will be an 
inevitably large number of failures. 

When the plants are small, several can be placed on the same sheet 
of felt. Take care, im such a group, to press only those plants having 
the same relative thickness. This will msure an equable distnbution 
of pressure, and the results are bound to be more satisfactory than those 
obtained by a haphazard groupig. 

After the plants are arranged satisfactorily, cover with another sheet 
of the felt and place m the plant press. Adjust the thumb-screws so 
that the contents are held firmly, but not mashed. Too much pressure 
does far more harm than not enough, and one careless individual can 
undo the work of several painstaking students, who, through necessity, 
are forced to share the press with him. 


26 Ty Ge U-BULLETIN 


PUT eee 


Remove the plants from the press after two or three days. If the 
plants have been pressed satisfactorily, they can be laid away between 
folded sheets of newspaper until thoroughly dry, and then mounted. 
Do not, under any circumstances, let the plants remain in the press 
longer than a week, as they are apt to mould or mildew. 


Composites are most successfully pressed ‘“face down,’ with all the 
ray flowers extended. 


Many more flowers should be pressed and classified than the re- 
quired twenty, as the percentage of failure is very high. ‘This gives a 
margin from which to select the best twenty, as neatness is an important 
basis for grading. 


To Mount: L 


Place the pressed plant on the blank sheet of mounting paper in 
the desired position. If the root, stem or seed pod has been cut to aid. 
in pressing, place this surface next to the paper. Cut narrow strips from 
the roll of transparent tape that was issued with the other materials. 
Moisten the gum side and fasten the plant to the page at several critical 
points. (This tape may be used to cover very frail flowers that shed 
the petals readily. ) 


The generic and specific names should be printed in the lower 
right-hand corner of the page. 


TCG UsBuLerin 27 


HAN eee 


- INDEX TO FLORA 


Page Page 
PATO A We tan seste sec, coh Family 56 Chaerophyllum _............ id 38 
PROUT) rage Beene a ss Boa Chick WOGUy terra aes ‘ 15 
Adder’s tongue .............. f: 2 Chickweed, geometrical ” 53 
Aalanthus ofc. secu ay 29 \Chigger weed....:-:-.--0:-1-:- 2 Al 
PAALATINN eee eles ites re v PE CIIN ADELE ek eats cco x 31 
Alpine mustard................ ” 1OaClaretvcup.. cso. ee 4 34 
ORL ETL oe, Se ih! T5Glematisanwsene cee wv 16 
Amnhiachrys ice eee: e BO CockIC DUET ales Bee fe 56 
FAROUI Peet ee. " 40 Compass plant................ a? 56 
Androstephium ............ as 22 Commelinaae..0s oes #4 1 
FAMEM ONG ia sci net nee i 168Cone sfloweras..a ie 56 
ATR PAI Bicesa ure toca) hed be DR COnVOlVillis 1ster eee 1 42 
APO CMIONG: a:.025...5c2 sf. z LS Gooperia, teiiy..tese ee " 4A 
Asclepiadora ...............-.- B AtaG@oral beads. sere ? 17 
INSClON aS awees A tients 5 a AleCorioelinn 6.24 eee a 10 
PVE Pa Ca WI Steet ess ey hos: 4 De CO maa la Media d Welter i ee i. 18 
August flower................ ? BEIRCOLLONWOOd fac. natcantct 8 
BOAT eOTASS 018 Se 4 PAGrane se Diklesd ive i 26 
Beard tongue.................. ? AVP Cratserus fch.0 fees 3 22 
Beechin Drops tic =. 2 BO’ Creek: plum yecc-ceteceenec--20 ¥ 21 
Black-jack oak................ um St Cropoiin se sien ah hae ¥ 33 
Black nightshade............ " A8° Crow poison..........-.------.- Q 2 
iplue cbell, Lexas..2.0 ). a SOM Curcubitad ae. iq 54 
Pile moOTNet. 2. 2k a2 DAG a ndelionsw Ack eee oe 56 
Blue-eyed grass............ 3 prellart: planted cc ao 4 38 
BURY Te LA Ey ade oo een a ” PMR PATI CUS eae use et eevee 4 38 
ASMIGIIRALY I distal. ict so 0380 23 is A Twat lO Wer ters <e se eereee yy 1 
PROUSIRCL AP Cie teed ek) NM LD eb py irks cope cecnee ee 4 16 
ISS AUTOVIG Ar os seco tee 3 BUMDEW DEITY aris neen nee 21 
ita ZOrl yet cs ott kbs: 2 A Tee ANGHELTA Loker i 49 
Broom-weed_ ........-.-------- ¥ 56 Dichrophyllum ...........----- 5 33 
Bullenet blouse oe ees 2, OT) Hata ole kate ee ena id 19 
BUTEA e ets wee K HOM CACODIS sate eee. oo. z 56 
PUTT a cee 2 OOEREL LFV} a oe aan co sea = 2 10 
Or Suc bc ees epee i SGemngelmanniay i. .4sc-..:-: 56 | 
Calcedlariav: Laas. Se 220) ‘ 215g Opetsgs) ah) | ia aan oe eB i 56 
Callirnhiogeres 06 se. 2 PARA rod uti eee ee 4 26 
Calophanes ne ne oe ae a2 AG STOR PUIG vecticeee sees cere « 88 
GADNOMCa mats ean iG ..-0.: " 18 Erythronium ...-...-...--:..- s 2 
COTO USN esate sce e 7 6 euphorbiadikst,.2ce,.sea G 33 
Garrots, Wilds.2..200.6e.- a BS MAISTO As. eee a, 39 
GATtootlLMuMe ss. .v.<d0: ,* 28 Evening primrose............ ui 37 
SST Aaa core 8) u DA RvolVULUS meet eet tsa i 42 
Gastilietéea iss Tk, ore ADSI S 20 tx ue ete ot 56 
CSAtR Pa Ti Ae Secs 4 Steir lame i plant.encesecn:.. y 43 
PUOATIOONUS (pita) i450 o ers ” OO MN lax. brie eg s0e oe: ‘4 28 
BOM A UN tessa 5 fet, ee a Te ax., Vellowew ab amare H 28 
Olin een « SA 2. ca: a4 LOMMipahanoiraieew ale Ye 56 
Centaurea ..2..........2.2..-..- “ OGre Rh oxsolove heated cress or {i 49 


FET CIS tees sleds cticrtscahectoose ” VArGaillardia si. wees # 56 


28 TEE USBGLEETIN 


PODEDEUD DOTTED 


Garlic Se ee ee 4 2: Meriolix’*2. 2) ee ts "Paced 
CTAUT Ay 5 eee us sTeMesquite.. 4 eee 4 23 
Geometrical chickweed.. ” 5S a Milfoil. 2 see sé 56 
Geranium, .-).. 26 ee 2 26, Milkweed .....3- 0 ee 1 41 
Giligt< 0 Si eee: Bee 3 43Milkwort 222-22. eee re 32 
Goat weed......................-. 2 83«Mistletoe: <-....2 eee Hd 13 
Gourd. eee eee se B4e@Monarda. - 25.02 eee 4 47 
Green prigyn eee cose fy $= Moonseed ‘2. ee {3 17 
Ground plum 2 - ss2 3 25 Morning-glory ..........------ v4 42 
Groutdsele ete 6 id oe a 5GuMorongia ... 5s eee ad 23 
Gvyrostachys, .:).. 5 see. ” 6 Mustard, Wild................ 4 19 
Hackberry 2 sen: ” 1TO0HNemastylis.. See * 5 
Hartmannig 2) ae ” 97° Neptunea.’:...... 2 - 23 
Haws Black...) awe ” 52 Nettle, Stinging............. ay 12 
Haw; wWhite® 24s i 20a Nightshade &.2.- ee - 48 
Heaven, Tree of............ ” 29 Nodding Violet .............. 35 
pededmal..-. ie ” 47 Nothoscordium .............- dé: "4 
Helianthus 222.22 es ” 5G:20OaksS ieee ee via 9 
AiCOP ia «fe ee oa al ” TaQnion, Wilds. ee 4: 2 
eLOlLyhock”: 345 hae ” 84 Onosmodium ..........-----:-: . 45 
Horse smint =... ae ” Av Opuntia 224 ee iS 36 
Horse. nettle. =u us, ” 43°“Orchid! 22 2 eee i 49 
Houstoniag 5221-2. 5 ee ” 51 Osage orange.................. a 11 
Eeyvaeinth 3 oe eg ” 9 _Oxalis 422. 2. eee = 27 
Hymenopappus .............. ” 56 u.Oxytropis’ =e ee ‘ 25 
Lhidittm 324-4 ae ” 6n Painted, cup.Jsxecqeces 4 49 
Indian Blanket ies , AQ Patridge pea............tas - 24 
itidian) Daisy..2 eee ” 5Gy Pecan. eee ee = 2 
indian potato. =. 28uPenstemon. .2..2 ee + 49 
Indian tobacco................ ‘4 56 Pennyroyal -..::css-.--25 fe 47 
Jatropas 3 ty ee 3 83: (Pepper: erass:.. ances is BS, 
Johnny-jump-up ............ a2 35 Petalostemon ................ i 25 
Judaewi ree 2... eyes A 94*;Phacéliay. 23. eee * 44 
Kranieria. 28: 2: es Ry $2. Phellopterus 2.325 Hi 38 
Ladies’ tresses................ 2 GuPhlo® «224. 2 eee Hl 43 
Warniutiee 2 ere 4 47 Phoradendron ................. a 13 
Parkepiitae: 213d as <d 16 Physalis 225-2224 ty 48 
Lavauxiaie... 2c. bec asies “2 SiyPhylatc= Ar fee 41 46 
Leather flower................ 8 16 Picradenia .............------ eee f 6: 56 
Lemon, mintisessieseF 2? ATi Pin? Clover eae a 26 
LiGPIdsm: 2 te ae ? 19 Pink cone flower............ + 56 
Lesquerella; ___..2.-2ss2c22.2. 2 190 Plataiiuss 20. os 20 
inarias 2. 2 eee, ee 2 499,Plum# Sand2: = A 21 
Lindheimera .................. 4 56° Plum; . Ground............... i 25 
(Git: oe ee ae 3 28uPoly sila 2)... ee 4 32 
Lippia 2:3... ees eee de 46 Poppy mallow................ i 34 
Lithospermunm ................ 8 45 Poppy, Mexican..........-... i 18 
aGUD UNS eee 4 262 Ponultisy es vet oe ee 3 8 
Marshallia 32. sees 4! 56. Prairie clovev...............-.: re 25 
Megapterium ................ / SToPricklyapears = 36 
Hien fe eee 4 31 Primrose, Evening....... - 37 
MeloSmom r2.-2. sees y WT PProsdpis <0. ee ee i 23 


Melony cactus.....-.....-h 86Prontis... 2 eee 21 


if Ge WR BULEETIN 29 


HOG eee 


Page Page 

POUT AICH Wear ek tt is 25 Sweet William .............. fi 43 
EAU ITOTILG Tae coe, 4 SSepycamoreaes, se. a" 20 
PUCCOOT ee eee cveees cece ad 45 ‘Tetraneuris’.2252.%.<...2 ? 56 
oamashpeeees.c ss oct.c A, ou lexas bluenel ikea cd 39 
COs Slaw ase. mu 2 Texas bluebonnet............ 2 25 
CUUIE PATS nee oh ccs lie fs Qa Verads- star. ss 2.00 kee 3 56 
Teeraeli ll Van epnog est... tne? AmUNaleSIAi eee fe 50 
Reahud. 2 eee ” 24ePhelesperma, -...2.....022.: 7 56 
[ed cte NOY a\ re ck see aed ae és S0m Linstlon so es + 56 
ROS Se tet. Peete here tsdess. é: Oe ORR ELAN ctr rex eet ok 4a 49 
BIC SOUEVITAK cot xo- Paes 3 SOP EOP VIO Seto: | sole a 11 
eld tise eo eten Pe Ge J 21 yibradescantiaw.........2k 2 1 
Ruaveckiam.. 2) Pete ie 56 Tree of Heaven ............ 29 
BTL Ta ee gorse, ie 32 4 AGN Olmtset See ks: fat ieee AD 10 
ede helesch ok: dele de Galen RSe em i 89: Umbrella Tree ..2.-.222.2 ds 31 
EL Vict meme UE le 35 | as Ame UIC O Tee Set ce ole 4: 12 
DAIVIESErtiih 8 te ad Ava alervanella...2..* 1s + 53 
TCL IT saw, oe ee I 32 Venus’ looking glass.... ” 55 
PTICRD IN co Seupteccest ic. ay BIE CY DENA oe ieee ee ” 46 
BIC DELI GLYYi gee eee al tees te, 2c aS POs CLCh we. ee ee % 25 
BOLE ering) <2 Ar. 3 ATMVADUTNUM at eee 3 52 
BSOTIOC Ree rece hacky 3 BG iClar ese ee oe He 25 
Sensitive pea.................... Z B4e VINGELOSICONI + -.c.2, cas " 41 
Sensitive plant................ 2 SO ABV LO lee ot teen Ce saa a 35 
Shepherd’s purse............ a 19 Violet, dog-toothed ........ u 2 
Sheen sorrel lc. 02... vs 27 aviolet), Woods, ....205 ? 35 
PSC SS anette a ae na a LOM IOIT act se ku ta ¥ 16 
eT AMIN re weet. cot 2 5GMmWaver Oak). 20.08 als oe 9 
Silver-leaf Night- Water Willow ................ 2 49 
SAC eeue he ten ee St 7 AB mW hite Naw 2.6.24 4 22 
SISVEINCHIUM:. 425. oos a Beayvnice. mint: see 33 47 
SUIGLLIA er Siesgs eras See hou, 2 56 Whitlow grass ....-..-..2... a 19 
Skule care ee ” ATEIWAlGLCatrot..) oe: ¢ 38 
Sleepy catch-fly ............ vl The Wild cypress:....8 Hg 43 
LITA BSS a AG ce a san sl Gereraniuny ....-<oc0 a 26 
Snow-on-the-mountain.. ” 33 Wild ‘‘honeysuckle” ...... fd 37 
OIA NTINT feu ee ee os 7 48 Wild morning glory .... ” 42 
Sour grass, blue ............ ci 21 RW lid ;ROse@ ims ts 21 
Spanish needle .............. ee 38 Willow Weed ................ g/ oT 
Spanish dagger .............. % ZRWVAINGLLOWEY pists. .8 tees y 16 
ppanishs OAK...) ad 9 Winged elm .................. 3 10 
SDE CULAL Ean. nite “ 55) canthinniee: 2 y 56 
Spiderworts, 2.024 i eA anthosalise ws. ee x, a7 
SDULOO wane tinea ? So ML ATT OWs oe ee ee sb 56 
Star/Thistle.7 >= 28 4 56 Yellow nightshade ........ Z 48 
SLOTK  DiHIh. oo ch ‘ef DO mAVUCCAS osc UN. ea 2 2 


SST 65350725 ge eee a ae 56 


30 Alek tle Butte TIN 


AVUUTDOGUEU EOD TEEDDECLEREDS UES UADTAOEEDEEODEOTEQUEEEUEDETEUUSEPERU ERE DSEDER DESO PELL EREEOS ET CEEG PEED EES EEE EP 


Lanceolate 


Linear 


Deltoid 


Spatulate 


Elliptic 


PLATE I. 


AC POL SBULLESTIN 3| 


TICE OLEH CULL LLEOELCOPG LUCE CUCLER UEC LELLLE CECE LUCE CEU ULE CULL CULL CLLLLLLCCLUP EL CLLLLL be 


Palmate 


Trifoliate 


T 


PLATE I. 


fe T. C. U: BULLETIN 


TE eee eee 


Entire Serrate lobed (rounded) Lobed (angular) 


PLATE III. 


le GC ABULLETIN 33 


PTT 


Pod with 
beak 


Circular 


PLATE IV, 


34 Bb haa wre & BULLETIN 


SUEDDAPUUUECED ESTE ENTEAEEGEOEEOEG EEO EOEELSOEESEO TEU EATEOEEGEO DEORE DOD EOGEUGOTEO TERE EE DEO EODEO EO EACECEUDEUEEGEA TEGO EECEC CEU CECECLETEASEEEUTECEE ERODE EEO EEGEEREGECREOSATOUDESEOGSTOEOSEECES EDT 
é 


Plant stems 


Fone fs BF _ Stems in disks 
Square Qf ci tonBrown) 


PLATR V.' 


T..C. U.- BULLETIN 35 


dvvvvuuecnccauouucceseannenencucotueasscacencnzcanauocevnceecagecaauensenesencngcgacongacusengrccnccoonoevessseeececocegegseeneeeeg vn ueeeaeeecen cee a eneeereRR ALAA EHLte 


oe Stare Ae. 
1 om Ae 
— Pistil yy, 
4 
— Petal 2 


( Ay 
Lip oem Sect 


es ee Ctl er 


wee erladient 


4 


Stamen 


-_> —Stig Ma 


; Coy aie Style 


Compound 


Ovaries 


PLATE VI. 


36 PoCw. BULLETIN" ’ 


Gamo petalous 


Poly petalous 


PLATE VII. 


it Se te 


ee hy et BULEETIN 37 


DUVAUDVAOVSEAAUAOANDUSLOGEAASUASSUEAATERADOU EOE DDSOEEU EELS SOENOEODECHUPEREOCOEDOGERU ODOM EEDEOPOOGEQEOEDOO SEE CEEEO DEON TUOOTEAOOEEAOTRMOOOEDEOAESODTONUDAOOUERSEDODOORO SOOO OENIO ESOS BOOS 


‘ 


Mint flowers 


racts — — —% 
Composite 8 


(Flowersin an involucrate head) (after gray) § T 


aE er 


' a . 
A> 

HAI, LN 
PLATE VIII. 


9 
Disk flat 


elevated cone} 


38 T. C.'US BULLETIN 


CUCEUEE EOE EU TOPE EEUU 


y gerne ha) é 
\) Den 


Perianth attached to 
Ova Jy! 


; ‘ Ova ry Superior 
Ovary inferior 
i i2 \3 


Simple stigma s-lobed J 5 -lobed 


PLATE IX. 


INSECTS 


40 T. C. U. BULLETIN 


QECUUEOUCEUECEDESECEOECECEOEGEEEEEOEO LECTED DESO DEE ED CED EPEC E REECE EGE PEEP ETE EEE E EEE 


ARTIFICIAL KEY TO NINE COMMON ORDERS OF 


INSECTS 


A. Insects with hard mouth parts, adapted for gnawing or 
biting, but not including forms with stabbing beaks. 
Wingless insects. Small, flattened, pear-shaped 


bodies st: .3. 5. « ates Soa at te ee APTERA 


Under pair of wings folded lengthwise under the up- 


per pair. Incomplete metamorphosis. .. .ORTHOPTERA 


Upper wings hard and _shield-like. Lower wings 
folded both lengthwise and crosswise beneath the up- 


pet (palteoes ickers oaks suse eee ane COLEOPTERA 


All four wings nearly alike, fully veined and trans- 
parent. 


(a) Hind wings slightly smaller than the fore, 


NEUROPTERA 


(b) Hind wings equal to or larger than the 


fate? ees aE hae glk bee ae ODONATA 


B. Insects with soft mouth parts or with stabbing beaks. 
The base of the upper wings leathery, and other half 
thin and membraneous. Lower wings thin, translu- 
cent. ‘The lips forming a tube or beak which is fold- 


ed beneath the *head*; 9 2....24- gees 5 so HEMIPTERA 


All four wings covered with dusty, downy scales. 
Jaws elongated into a sucking tube, which is coiled 


spirally beneath the head ........... LEPIDOPTERA 


(a) With knobs on the antennae, insects mostly 


Guutnal-\:.4 bids ee eee ee Butterflies 


(b) Without knobs on antennae, insects mostly 


noctornal ) see Pee Ase my te 


All four wings membraneous (may be absent in 
worker castes). Hind wings locking with the fore 
along the edges. Mouth has lateral moving jaws as 
well as soft parts. [he abdomen is usually provided 


with a:.stng och: Ss oe a enn HYMENOPTERA 


Only the fore wings developed, the hind wings being 


— 


8 


represented by a pair of inconspicuous knobs. DIPTERA 9 


Common or conspicuous examples found in the T. C. 


U. vicinity. 


TG | BULEETIN 4] 


HH eee 


“APTERA. | 
Silver Fish or Fish Moth (Lepisma Saccharina). Found in libraries. 
Feeds on the paste and sizing of books, on the paste of wall pa- 
per, etc. 


ORTHOPTERA. , 

Grasshoppers. _An unknown number of genera and species. Exam- 

_ ples are the Lubber (Brachypeplus sp.), which is very. large and 
“has very small wings; the Red Leg (Melanopus femur rubrum) ; 
the Red Wing (Psinidia sp.), which has bright red under wings 
exhibited only when flying; the Bird Locust (Schistocerous sp.), 
which is large and a very powerful flyer; the Spine Back (Acry- 
dium sp.), which has the triangular hard portion on'the’ 
back extending beyond the soft parts of the abdomen. 

Praying Mantids or ‘Devil Horses.” A large green form (Stago- 
mantis sp.), and a smaller brownish or straw-colered form (uni- 
dentified) - 

Katydids (Pterophylla sp.) green, with leaf-like wings. 

Cockroaches. —Two common forms, the small German roach or “‘Cro- 

. ton Bug’’. (Blattella germanica), and the large American (Peri- 
planeta americana ). 

Walking Stick Insect (Diapheromera femorata), a peculiar wingless 
form. 

Mole Cricket’ (Gryllotalpa’ 'sp.), somewhat resembles ‘a grasshopper, 
but has shovel- like igont legs. An underground fo but fairly 
common. — 

Cricket ‘(Nemobrius sp). Brownish to black. Often migrates in great 
numbers. 


COLEOPTERA. 

May Beetle (Lachnosterna arcuta). Very common small brown 
beetle of summer. Its larvae are the familiar ‘“‘grub worms’’ of 
‘this region. 

Ground Beetle (Lebia grandis). Small. ‘The anterior part of body 

reddish, the rest black or very dark brown. 

Tiger Beetles (Cicindela sp.). Small, slender, very agile beetles. Many 
species. The most common are green with flecks of yellow. Com- 
mon along the bank of the Clear Fork. Prey on gnats and other 
small insects. 

Sung Beetles or ‘“Tumble Bugs’ (Canthon sp.). Black, oval-bodied. 
| ais a large ball of dung around the eggs. At least two species 
ere 


42 - T. C. U. BULLETIN 


DUDEGDEAEDEDELUEEUEEDAS DEEDES 


Snout Beetle or Weevils, many genera and species. Great range in 
size and habits. All forms characterized by the snout. 

Museum Beetles (Dermestes sp.). Minute beetles whose larvae do 
most of the damage (in this region) credited to the clothes moth. 

Lady Beetles (Cocnella sp. Adalia sp., etc.). Very small spheroid 
forms, mostly reddish in color and spotted with black. 

Water Beetles or ‘“‘“Whirligigs’’ (Dysticus sp.). Several species and 
sizes. 

Borer Beetle (Cyllene robinia). Slender bodied; black with yellow 
markings. 

Black Wood Beetle (Possalus cornutus). Large form, smooth thorax 
and corrugated wings. Powerful jaws. 

Flour Beetle (Tenebrio obscuro). Much like above, but much smaller. 

June “‘Bug’’ (Macrodactylus spinosus). Large, metallic bronze-green. 
Smooth. 

Caterpillar Hunter (Calosoma scrutator). Large green form, readily 
distinguished from the June Bug by its corrugated wings. This 
form is as useful as the June Bug is harmful. 

Blister Beetles. Slender forms. Several species. (See museum speci- 
mens). 

Goliathus Beetles. A very large brown oval-bodied beetle; found 
along the water courses in late spring and early summer. 


NEUROPTERA. 


May Fly (Ephemera varia), swarms in enormous numbers for a short 
time in the spring. 

Ant Lion or ““Doodle Bug.’ Several genera and species. The adults 
of this insect are seldom recognized as such, but are extremely 
common in spring and are very annoying at night. 

Dobson Fly (Corydalis sp.). A large insect. Rare in this region, 
but extremely conspicuous on account of its size and its large jaws. 


ODONATA. 


Dragon Flies. An unknown number of genera and species along the 
water courses. 


HEMIPTERA. 


Note: All of the common members of the sub-order of the True Bugs 
have been collected and classified. To get species names, check 
your specimens against those in the museum. 

Cicadas or ““Locust.’’ Several species. The Two-year form most com- 

mon. 

Plant Lice (Aphis.sp.). Pink bodied insects, very small. Imbed them- 


selves in masses of cotton down. 


TMA BULLETIN 43 


CHEE 


Water Striders (Hygrotechus sp.). Common aquatic insects which run 
on the surface of the water. Several species here. 

Assassin Bugs. Black, red-spotted forms. All stab viciously. For 
names check against museum specimens. 

Wheel Bug. (Arillus cristatus.) Large black bug, with a wheel-like 
crest on the back. Another stabbing form, whose victims usually 
refer their trouble to “‘spider bites.”’ 

Stink Bugs. Green and bronze forms. Strong aromatic odor on which 
they seem to depend mainly for protection, as they seldom bite. 

_ The stab is very painful, although seldom resorted to. Nezera sp. 
is the most common. 

Electric Light Bug. (Belastoma sp.). The largest insect of this region. 
It is aquatic in habit, but flies at night and is attracted by strong 


lights. 
LEPIDOPTERA 
Butterflies 
Monarch (Anosia Plexippus). Common large brown form with black 
markings. 


Clouded Sulphurs (Colias sp.). Pale yellow, medium sized. 
Papilios. Several forms. All rather large and characterized by the 
“‘tails’’ on the hind wings. 


MOTHS 

Sphinz or ‘“‘Humming Bird” moth. (Hemaris sp.). Large, gray trian- 
gular bodies and wings. 

Underwings and Cutworms. See museum specimens for names of most 
common. 

Polyphemus. Several species with velvety wings and eye-like mark- 
ings on the hind wings. 

Tent sed Moth (Malacosoma americana). Small, reddish 
rown. 

Borer Moths (Sanninoidea sp.). Small moths with the hind wings 
translucent. These insects are often not recognized by the be- 
ginner as moths. The larvae bore under the bark of trees, and 
are harmful. 

HYMENOPTERA 

Agricultural Ant. (Pogonomyrex occidentalis). The large red ant. 
Very common. 

Soldier Ant. Half red and half black. 

House Ant. Small, red. 

Bumble Bees (Bombus sp.). Several species, all black, rurkee with 
yellow. 


44 T. C..U,. BULLETIN 


ge lid lla ITE tla a 


Cow Killer Wasp. (Sphaerophthalma sp.). Large, red, Lae wing- 
less. Often mistaken for ant. 

Tarantula Hawk. (Pepsis formosa). A gigantic red wasp. Danger- 
ous, but good-natured. 

Dirt Dauber Wasp. (Pelopoeus sp.) Build mud nests of several tubu- 
lar cells. 

Ichneumon Flies. Several genera and species. All with slender abdo- 
mens. 


DIPTERA 

House Fly (Musca domestica. ) 

Stable Fly (Stomoxys calcitrans). Much like above, but with a stab- 
bing beak. 

Horse Fly (Tabanus sp.). Very large form. Several species here. 

Blow Fly (Calliphora sp.). Blue green. 

Screw Worm Fly. ‘Two flies which are so called. A small greenish 
fly (Chrysompia macellaria), which deposits eggs, and a large 
gray fly which deposits maggots. Both harmful. 

Robber Flies. Powerful slender bodied flies which attack small insects. 

Mosquitoes. Three. forms. One diurnal (Edes sp.), and two noc- 
turnal (Culex sp.,and Anopheles sp.). 


DIRECTIONS FOR INSECT COLLECTIONS. 


The following materials are necessary for collecting: A bag of 
mosquito netting, or other close-mesh fabric, sewed on a wire hoop, 
which is attached to a handle three or four feet long; a wide-mouthed 
bottle, and a small bottle of gasoline or chloroform. The bottles will 
be issued to students, but the bag may be home-made or bought. 

To Catch: | 

_ Most insects that fly rapidly, should be captured in the net. This 
includes Moths, Butterflies, Dragon-flies and some Grasshoppers. 

Beetles, true Bugs and slower-moving forms are easily captured with 
the hands. Many of the true bugs have dangerous bites and caution 
should be exercised when handling them. 

Insects with stings should be caught in the net, “wrapped j in a bit 
of cotton or cloth, and anesthetized with the killing fluid, after which 
they can be handled more freely. 

To Kill: ely 

Drop the insect in the wide-mouthed bottle, pour in a little gaso- 
line or chloroform, and replace the cork. All insects may be killed this 
way except large beetles. To insure a quick and certain death, drop 
these into boiling water for ten’ or fifteen seconds. 


TC US BULLETIN , 45 


DOU eee 


Preparation of Specimens: 

After insects are dead, but before they become stiff, remove from 
the bottle, and arrange for mounting. Beetles, true bugs, etc., do not 
require much preparation. 

Lepidoptera, Odonata, Neuroptera, and many of the Orthoptera 
should be ‘“‘spread’’ before mounted. Place such insects, back down, 
on a sheet of corrugated cardboard (such as that in which books and 
light-weight parcels are packed for shipping). Spread the wings and 
fasten with narrow strips of paper to the cardboard. Pin near the wing 
edges, but not thru them. In ten or twelve hours, the strips may be re- 
moved, and the insects mounted. 

To Mount: 

Thrust the point of an insect pin through the thorax of soft-bodied 
forms, such as butterflies, moths, etc. Raise the specimen to the middle 
of the pin or above. 

Beetles are pinned through the right wing cover. 

Small, soft specimens, such as silver-fish, may be glued to bits of 
stiff paper, and pinned through the paper. 

Take care not to break off legs, antennae, etc., as all insects includ- 
ed in this collection should be as near perfect as possible. 


To Arrange: 

Group the insects according to orders. Print or typewrite the names 
of the orders on small labels, and paste in the bottom of the collection 
box. 

Each student is expected to use his own judgment as to arrange- 
ment, etc., exercising care as to accuracy and neatness, however. 

The requirement for Biology II, is a collection of twenty-five to 
forty insects, Tepresenting the nine common orders. 


bs > taf ita “ v tied) py Ge ” ated (5. aly 


> 
‘ 
* 
+ . 
’ 
4 
4 
? ° 
t 
. 
1 
‘ 
' 
i 
7 
’ 
s 2 
s 
. 
e 4 


te ne oe er E sa + 


: ae 
me ABN 
4 y 


jes c 


4 


a moras f be! De = ae 
mi ag 


i 
ee 
‘ 


“4 
.“~ 4 
be 
+ ‘2 3 ~ 
¢ aR, 
+ ’ t 
 e- . 
= 
, 
, » et 
‘ 
t P ‘ 
. eee 3 4 
ca -¥ oi? 
F; ‘ e i. - ee 
{ 8} r 
7 : y ' j 7: 7 inte © 
D , PD) + RE OTS ry 
: ~ 
, 
4 rs 
a 
: ' 2 
*- a 
> 
= 
/ 
se 
- 
a4 > = 
4 * 
. 
* 
' 
~ 
S's 
Tg!) 
‘ppt 
, 
v2. , 
wohl 
Dw? 
Le ni bw 
74) a o4 
ve 
é 
<4 
et A 
¥ 
» -. 


FOSSILS 


48 Lees BUR ELM 


Tee 


COMMON FOSSILS OF THE T. C. U. VICINITY 
PHYLUM PROTOZOA: 


Colontal “forms? 2%. ; Pe hieee. cae ee Ce See Nodosaria — 
PHYLUM COELENTERATA: 
Corals: 
Small, angular, less than 15 mm. in height...... Placosmilia 


Large, fairly smooth, 15 mm. or more in height. . . . Parasmilia 
PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA: 
Tests circular or nearly so: 
Tubercles prominent. 
More than 20 mm. across, no cap on apical 
system |... sos ute ME Oe ee Diplopodia 
Less than 20 mm. across, cap on apical system. 


Cap “circular. 66 2 s00k fcc ee Salenia 
Cap’ pentagonal. ..j04 . Ask. oe ee Goniophorus 


Non-tuberculate, or tubercles minute............ Holectypus 
Tests heart-shaped or oval: 
All pores in apical system slit-like. 


Rays on surface, indistinct)... .=. . 6.2. oe Holaster 
Rays depressed;-conspicudus 2) 22.8. vo saree Hemiaster 
‘Two rows of pores in each branch of apical system 
slit-like, and two rows citcular........2..70... Enallaster 
PHYLUM MOLLUSCOIDEA: 
Bivalve, 10 mm. to 20 mm. across... .. 2. 2. yeeeee Kingena 


Very fine net-like structure found on rocks and fossils. . . .Bryozoa 


PHYLUM ANNELIDA: 


Wormelike ‘fossils ..% v.50. 6s os Ce Serpula 
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA: | 
| Various*claw-like. structures . .. 22.2, oe ce ee Crustacea 


PHYLUM MOLLUSCA: 
Class Pelecypoda. 
Clams, valves symmetrical. 
Large, more than 40 mm. 

Circular or sub-circular. 
Elat; smooths. 5) acts: 5 staeua tun Se Cyprimeria 
Growth lines in two directions ......... Protocardia 

Not circular. 
Longest diameter from umbo to ventral mar- 

gin, 80 mm. to 150 mm. 

Prominent growth lines............64. [noceramus 
Thin, smooth, razor-like, elongate...... Gervilliopsis 


Le Gre BULLETIN 49 


CO 


Small, less than 40 mm. 
Ribs Prominent. 


FRIDSBONTIT EH cAI PA War haae ae eeaiesa sTebidad sea be ence Lima 

Rabsstuberculate onesie ae states nee V enericardia 
Ribs not Prominent. 

Narrow hinge, fine growth lines.......... Nucula 

Wide hinge, usually pyritized ............ Arca 


Valves unequal. 
Valves ribbed. 
Riborentirese acute on ee hoe aia Oe, Pecten 
bcinsstperculates fa ako ek cee he ke Plicatula 


Valves not ribbed. 


Prominent beak on one valve curved over the 


nrg, Toe ee is Ae ae See eee oe Grvyphea 
Beak curved spirally or to one side.......... Exogyra 
Valve without prominent beak............... Ostrea 


Class Gastropoda. 
Last whorl small. 


Owe Osmm. toto) Tamar tale ee eee oS Nerinea 
any 20smm. toc+0 mm tall) ie ie ee Turtitella 
Last whorl large. 
ow. whorls about threes fe 2 eee Pe Gyrodes 
iftallAvhorls*fouror mores. ee eet. eee ee Lunatia 
Class Cephalopoda. 
Straight or only slightly curved................. Hamites 
@ailedmspirallynaet ie eA Pee LOS Sem. Turrilites 


Coiled in a plane. 
More than 60 mm. across. 


Without keel. 


Very fren heen SULLTE sees heen Desmoceras 

Dimple euttiiersse fast. on eras ais tae Nautilus 
With keel. | 

Ribs large, straight and spoke-like..... Schloenbachia 

Ribs small, recurved and flat.......... [nflatoceras 


ips than 60 mm. across. 
Prominent keel. 


Ribs large and tuberculate........... Mortoniceras 

No keel. | 

Ribs fine, numerous, non-tuburculate....... Scaphites 
PHYLUM CHORDATA: 


Teeth and vertebrae .............. EL MELO; ... «Sharks 


50 ' TaC., U-ABULLETIN 


TITTIES 


NODOSARIA 


1. Nodosaria texana. A colonial form, consisting of a linear series of 
collar-like chambers averaging about nine in number. The cham- 
bers increase slightly in size toward the mouth, which is terminal 
and consists of about four prominent apertures. Average thick- 
ness of fossil | mm.; average length, 5 mm. 


PLACOSMILIA 


2. Placosmilia sp. A small, tapering, exceedingly angular form, about 
8 mm. tall and about 5 mm. across the top. Base marked by a 
small attachment scar. 


PARASMILIA 


. Parasmilia texana. Large, simple and conical in form. Septa on 
the plan of six. Average height about 35 mm.; average meas- 
urement across top about 25 mm. At the base there is an attach- 
ment stalk, which is rarely preserved. 


DIPLOPODIA 


4. Diplopodia texana. Small, 20 mm. to 50 mm. across; low, bicon- 
cave, greatest concavity being on the ventral side. Several double 
rows of tubercles extending from the apical center over the peri- 
pheral edge to the ventral side. “These double rows of tubercles 
are sometimes interspaced with a few scattered tubercles. No cap 
over apex. 


luv 


SALENTIA 


5. Salenia mexicana. Almost spherical in form, covered with several 
rows of prominent tubercles. Apex covered with a distinct cap- 
like structure, in which the large anal pore is eccentrically located. 
Height about 9 mm., largest measurement about 14 mm. 


GONIOPHORUS 


6. Goniophorus sp. An echinoderm very much like Salenia mexicana, 
but smaller. Tubercles prominent; apical cap a five-pointed star 
in which the large anal pore is eccentrically located. About 2 
mm. to 4 mm. tall, 4 mm. to 6 mm. across. 


HOLECTY PUS 


. Holectypus limitis. A circular echinoderm, ventral side flat with 
large mouth opening. Dorsal side distinctly conical in shape. 
Surface smooth with the exception of rows of minute tubercles 
closely spaced. Height 10 mm. to 15 mm.; diameter of base 
30 mm. to 50 mm. 


“I 


T. C. U. BULLETIN 5] 


Hee eee eee 


HOLASTER 


8. Holaster simplex. Base flat and heart-shaped; arms*of apical sys- 
tem not in furrows, or in very shallow furrows. Fossil smooth, or 
covered only with small indistinct tubercles. Sides steep, anal 
pore posterior. Greatest measurements across base 50 mm. to 
70 mm.; height, 20 mm. to 30 mm. 


HEMIASTER 
Large 
Diameter 60 mm. to 100 mm............ Hemiaster elegans 
Small. 


Less than 60 mm. 


Relatively smooth, apical system well cen- 


it Soh, ~<a RN i ae Hemiaster whi.ei 
Tall, more symmetrical, apical system in deep in- 
BISONS MET recta ecg whee cc a Hemiaster calvini 


9. Hemiaster elegans. A very large flat echinoderm, base measuring 
60 mm. to 100 mm. in diameter; height 30 mm. to 60 mm. Arms 
of apical system in moderately deep furrows. Center of apical 
system slightly anterior; mouth well forward; anal pore at extreme 


posterior end. This is the large flat biscuit urchin of the upper 
Duck Creek and Fort Worth formations. 


10. Hemiaster whitei. Fossil moderately small; longest measurement 
across base 20 mm. to 30 mm.; height 15 mm. to 20 mm. This 
fossil is very much like Hemiaster elegans, but can be distinguished 
from it by its smaller size, shorter radial arms and more convex 
base. ‘The posterior end is more truncate and the anal pore is 
higher than in H. elegans. ‘Vhe anterior sulcus is prominent, termi- 
nating in the mouth opening. 


11. Hemiaster calvini. Sub-circular. Base measurement 15 mm. to 35 
mm.; height 15 mm. to 30 mm. It is distinguished from Hemiaster 
elegans by its smaller size and greater relative height. It is distin- 
guished from Hemiaster whitei and various other small Hemiasters 
by its greater height and its shorter radial arms, which are situated 
in deep grooves. 


ENALLASTER 


12. Enallaster texanus. Elongated posteriorly-anteriorly. Longest base 
measurement about 30 mm.; height 15 mm. to 20 mm. Center 
of apical system slightly posterior. Posterior end truncate, anal 
pote high. Most prominent distinguishing feature is the deeply 
depressed anterior groove. 


52 


bo Gebl eRe cerin 


DOEDEUL ELE CC CDE CU ELEC DEDEDE EEE EEE 


13; 


KINGENA 


Kingena wacoensis. The common small lamp-shell or brachiopod 
of this region. Occurs in the upper Duck Creek formation and in 
the Main street formation. Largest measurement 10 mm. to 20 
mm. ‘The ventral valve is longer, more convex than the dorsal, 
and has an aperture in the upturned beak. The dorsal valve is 
almost circular and has no beak. 


BRYOZOA 


Brvyozoa spp. Fine net-like structures found on rocks and fossils. 
These forms are much alike to the casual observer, but represent 
many species of which only a few have been described. The most 
common genus is Membranipora. 


SERPULA 


. Serpula spp. Worm-like fossils found cemented to rocks or free. 


They are distinctly worm-like, showing fine ring-like segments, 
and range in size from hair-like forms to 10 mm. in diameter. The 
Serpulas of this region represent many species, few of which have 


been described. 
CRUSTACEAN GENERA 


. The crustacean fragments found in this region are mainly claws 


and claw parts, but sometimes tail parts and abdominal rings are 
found. Numerous species are tepresented by forms ranging in 
size from that of a small crayfish to that of large lobsters. 


CYPRIMERIA 


. Cyprimeria texana. Large, flat, thin clam 50 mm. to 80 mm. 


across; and 10 mm. to 20 mm. in thickness; is almost circular; 
beak central, with very little, if any, hinge structure. Found us- 
ually as mud casts. “There are various other species of Cyprimeria 
found throughout the Washita division of the Comanchean. 


PROTOCARDIA 


. Protocardia texana. Recognized by its large inflated shell, bear- 


ing two kinds of striations. —The most prominent of these are fine, 
concentric growth lines. The others occur at one end of the shell 
and are fine, radial or rib-like striations. The fossil has a promi- 
nent and centrally located umbo and a deep-set hinge; it is very 
thick in the region of the umbo, but has a thin and broadly rounded 
ventral margin. Dorsal to ventral margin 50 mm. to 80 mm.; 
thickness 35 mm. to 55 mm. Usually preserved as mud casts. 


Th UO BULLETIN 53 


CUE eee 


INOCERAMUS 


19. Inoceramus comancheanus. Large clam; dorso-ventral axis greatly 


2s 


elongated, umbo centrally placed. Fossil can be recognized by its 
size, shape, and its fifteen to twenty raised and prominent concen- 
tric growth lines. Frequently a part of the original shell is pre- 
served. ‘Thickness near the region of the umbo about 60 mn. 


GER/VILLIOPSIS 


Gervilliopsis invaginata. A razor-like clam, very thin, 50 mm. to 
80 mm. long; 20 mm. to 30 mm. broad; umbo near one end. 
Usually found in conglomerates and can rarely be taken out en- 
tire. The shell is frequently pearly-iridescent. 


LIMA 


Lima wacoensis. Rectangular shell, considerably rounded at the 
corners. Usually about 30 mm. long and 20 mm. broad; umbo 
at upper anterior corner; thick near dorsal margin; ventral margin 
thin and broadly rounded. About twenty angular ribs radiate 
from the region of the umbo. Preserved as mud casts. 


VENERICARDIA 


Venericardia wenoensis. This clam has a blunt and rounded ven- 
tral margin; dorsal margin about umbo very thick. Shell is elon- 
gated from umbo to posterior ventral margni. Right valve slightly 
smaller than the left. Each valve has 18 to 20 fine radial ribs 
which are tuberculate, especially at the ventral ends. ‘Thickest 
portion of shell about 15 mm.; length of ventral margin about 23 
mm.; measurement from umbo to posterior ventral margin about 
25 mm. Shell distinctly triangular. 


NUCULA 


23. Nucula wenoensis. Small, moderately inflated clam, smooth, but 


showing fine growth lines. Umbo considerably to the anterior of 
the middle of the shell. Ventral margin sharp and_ rounded. 
Measurements, umbo to ventral margin 14 mm.; posterior to ante- 
rior margin 20 mm.; thickness 9 mm. Hinge long and extended 
posteriorly. Hinge teeth impressions often present. 


ARCA 


24. Arca washitaensis. Length 9 mm. Height 8 mm. Thickness 8 


mm. Shell inflated and smooth, with the exception of fine radial 
ribs. Umbo anterior to middle of shell. Hinge very wide, each 
umbo being curved in like a beak. Usually preserved in pyrite. 


E4 TieG: USBULEETIN 


SUE eee eee 


PECTEN 


Ribs: small «208 26...) Ge See eee Pecten bellula 
Ribs large with two secondary ribs between each pair of 
primary tibs. 


Ribs; flat topped = ..\— [aes eee Pecten texanus 
Ribs: angulate:. < st aise ex ettoens)«) oe eee Pecten subalpina 
Primary ribs bearing one or two tertiary ribs. . Pecten irregularis 
Alleribs grooyed@iia kicker ee ake ae Pecten georgetownensis 


25. Pecten bellula. Right valve flat. Left valve curved and inflated, 
almost symmetrical and marked by many fine ribs. Measurements, 
umbo to ventral margin about 25 mm.; posterior to anterior mar- 
gin about 20 mm.; thickness about 13 mm. 


26. Pecten texanus. This is a broad, low pecten with flat-topped ribs, 
the primaries being slightly higher and wider than the secondaries. 
The greatest measurement of the fossil is from 50 mm. to 75 mm. 
Chord of ventral margin 40 mm. to 60 mm. Found high in the 
Comanchean column. 


27. Pecten subalpina. Much like P. texanus, but more common. 
It is distinguished by the height and angularity of both its primary 
and secondary ribs. Unless the ribs are distinctly flat topped the 
fossil is called P. subalpina. 


28. Pecten irregularis. Like P. subalpina, except that it is smaller, its 
greatest measurement being about 30 mm. It is distinguished from 
P. subalpina by the fact that each primary rib has at its sides 
either one or two tertiary ribs. 


29. Pecten georgetownensis. Clearly distinguished from other pectens 
of this region by the fact that all ribs, both primary and secondary, 
are grooved. 


PLICATULA 


30. Plicatula dentonensis. Probably the most abundant and wide- 
spread fossil of the Comanchean series. Ranges in size from a 
diameter of 5 mm. to 25 mm. It also ranges from smooth, finely 
ribbed non-tuberculate, showing few growth lines, to rough, 
coarsely ribbed and tuberculate, showing broad growth lines. It is 
cat-paw-like in appearance and locally is given the name of “‘cats- 


paw-clam.”’ (See Pl. X.) 
GRY PHEA 


31. Gryphea washitaensis. A thin shell with wide flaring wings. The 
beak is curved over the flat right valve. Measurement, umbo to 
ventral margin about 30 mm. Lateral measurement about 30 mm. 


ierGe WS BULLETIN 55 


Tee 


oye 


33: 


34. 


35% 


36. 


38. 


Gryphea marcout. Forms a conglomerate at the top of the Walnut 
formation. The beak is sharply curved toward the small right 
valve. On the larger valve there is a deep sinus extending from 
the beak to the ventral margin. Greatest measurement from beak 
to ventral margin is about 50 mm. 

Grvyphea navia. Much like G. marcoui, but more ponderous, 
rougher, and the very sharp beak is curved toward a side. Shell 
is considerably flared at the ventral margin on the sinus side only. 
Greatest measurement from curve above beak to ventral margin 
about 70 mm. to 80 mm. 


EXOGYRA 


Exogyra plexa. Small. Greatest length about 20 mm. The beak 
is curved squarely around to one side, and thete is an angular 
ridge around the top of the upper valve. 


Exogyra texana. Considerably larger than Exogyra plexa and is 
oval. Varies considerably in size, but a good average is about 50 
mm. for the longest measurement. It has a closely coiled beak 
which usually bears a small attachment scar. Shell very rough. 
Ventral margin thick; dorsal margin thin. 


Exogyra arietina. Beak of left valve coiled in a spiral. Size inter- 
mediate between Exogyra plexa and Exogyra texana. Greatest 
measurement about 30 mm. 


OSTREA 


. Ostrea carinata. Valves almost equal. Each elevated, elongated, 


and curved to form almost a semi-citcle, the average cord of which 
is about 55 mm. The size, however, is variable. Shell deeply 
incised. | 


NERINA 


Nerinea sp. There are probably many species of Nerinea in this 
region. They are small, closely coiled gastropods usually pre- 


served in pyrite. Number of coils 6 to 10. Height of spire about 
13 mm. Width of base about 8 mm. 


TURRITELLA 


Turtitella sp. A number of species in the Weno formation. Small, 
sharply spired gastropods of about six whorls. On the whorls and 
running parallel to them is a series of seven to ten fine rows of tu- 
bercles, giving a granular appearance to the shell. ‘These fossils 
range greatly in size, but are usually not more than 36 mm. in 
height, and the last whorl] not more than 12 mm. in diameter.. 


56 


EEG, BuLLetin 


TOUTE 


40. 


41. 


42. 


44, 


45. 


46. 


GYRODES 


Gyrodes sp. Large, low, coiled gastropod having three or four 
whorls. Last whorl relatively large. Height about 32 mm. 
Diameter of last whorl about 50 mm. 


LUNATIA 


Lunatia sp. Large spiral gastropod, resembling two cones with 
bases placed together; the basal whorl representing one cone and 
the other whorls in the spire representing the other cone. Whorls 
usually six, greatly increasing in size toward the last, and each 
almost engulfing the preceding. Height about 7! mm. Greatest 
thickness about 45 mm. 


HAMITES 


Hamites comanchensis. A medium sized curved Ammonite, the 
curve being a full half-circle. It is slender and has prominent, 
evenly spaced ribs with no prominent tubercles. Considerably flat- 
tened, usually fragmentary and preserved as a mud cast. Dorso- 
ventral measurement about 18 mm. Bilateral measurement about 
11 mm. 

Hamites fremonti. Somewhat larger than H. comanchensis and 
hook shaped, the large arm shorter than the small arm. Ribs 
prominent except on the venter and irregularly tuberculate. Dorso- 
ventral measurement about 25 mm. to 35 mm. Thickness 18 mm. 
to 25 mm. Usually fragmentary and preserved as mud casts. Dis- 
tinguished from H. comanchensis by its size, curvature and ribs. 


TURRILITES 


Turtilites brazoensis. Large spirally coiled Ammonite with promi- 
nent tubercles. Average height of spire about 225 mm. Average 
diameter of last whorl about 100 mm. 


Turrilites worthensis. Small spirally coiled Ammonite of about 
six whorls. Each whorl contains about five rows of small but 
prominent tubercles. Average height of spire about 15 mm. Av- 
efage diameter of last whorl about 10 mm. Size may vary con- 
siderably. Usually preserved in pyrite. 


DESMOCERAS 


Desmoceras brazoense. The largest Ammonite of the region. Has 
a complicated suture pattern which is more often visible in the ju- 
venile than in the adult. There are no ribs on the juvenile form, 
but on the adult there are large non-tuberculated ribs. Maximum 


breadth of shell 300 mm. to 500 mm. Thickness about 100 mm. 


DaeG. UstBuLLETIN 57 


Wee eee 


SCHLOENBACHIA 


47. Schloenbachia leonensis. Shell, large and convex. Ribs heavy and 


48. 


49. 


50. 


ot; 


5B: 


54. 


separated by an interspace about twice the width of a rib. Ejach 
rib ending in a large conical tubercle. Keel prominent and 
rounded. Maximum measurement across about 400 mm. 
Schloenbachia ttinodosa. Shell large and convex. Ribs heavy and 
separated by interspaces about two and one-half times the width 
of a rib. Each rib with three large conical tubercles. Average 
measurement across 150 mm. to 400 mm. 

Schloenbachia wintoni. Shell convex, ribs heavy. Each rib ending 
in tubercles. The outer tubercle is distinctly notched or doubled, 
which is a distinguishing mark. Average diameter about |20 mm. 


INFLATOCERAS 


Inflatoceras acuto-carinata. Shell flat and compressed with 
slightly convex sides. Keel extended and sharp. Ribs numerous, 
small, flat topped. Greatest diameter 150 mm. to 300 mm. 
Inflatoceras belknapi. Shell moderately convex. Keel inconspicu- 
ous. Ribs much like those of acuto-carinata, except that they are 
larger, more rounded and have wider interspaces. Average diam- 
eter about 350 mm. Usually preserved as fragmental mud casts, 
characteristically iron stained. 


NAUTILUS 


. Nautilus texanus. Much like modern nautilus. Shell greatly in- 


flated and rounded. Outer whorl increases rapidly in size. No 
keel, tubercles or ribs. Usually a simple gently curved suture 
pattern. Preserved as a mud cast. Greatest diameter about 


140 mm. 
MORTONICERAS 


Mortoniceras worthense. An Ammonite grfeatly resembling S. 
leonensis, except that it is small and usually preserved in pyrite. 
Ribs are prominent and wide apart. Bold tubercles occur near 


the outer ends of the ribs, producing a shoulder-like effect on the 


sides of the sharp, prominent keel. Diameter about 8 mm. 


SCAPHITES 


Scaphites worthensis. Small, much inflated; no keel; fine ribs 
placed together. Mouth opening almost a circte. Usually pre- 
served in pyrite. Average diameter about 6 mm. 


58 T: Go U2 BuLLetTin 


HOTU 


CHORDATA 
55. Teeth and vertebrae. Shark teeth and vertebrae. The sharp, al- 
ways well preserved teeth found throughout the region. WVertebrae 
are usually small, biconcave and preserved singly. 
FUCIOD PLANT MATERIAL 
56. Large masses of almost indistinguishable plant material found 
throughout the more impure limestones of the region. Sometimes 
the individual pieces are small, sometimes massive and branched. 


PLATE X. 


THE “CAT’S PAW CLAM” (Plicatula dentonensis). 
This extremely variable fossil occurs in all of the geological formations 
of the area and is the most common species. 


TNE UBRARY 
| OF THE 
TNIVERSITY OF tkuingig 


BIRDS 


62 TACALS Burresin 


TTT TTT 


FORTY COMMON OR CONSPICUOUS BIRDS 


1. Blue Heron 21. Blue Jay 

2. Kill-Deer 22. Kingbird (Bee Martin) 
3. Bob White 23. Crested Flycatcher 

4. Mourning Dove 24. American Crow 

5. Turkey Vulture 25. Cow Bird 

6. Black Vulture 26. Red Winged Blackbird 
7. Sparrow Hawk 27. Meadow Lark 

8. Red Tailed Hawk 28. Orchard Oriole 

9. American Barn Owl 29. Purple Grackle 

10. Screech Owl 30. English Sparrow 

11. Burrowing Owl 31. Lark Sparrow 

12. Road Runner 32. Cardinal 

13. Rain Crow 33. Painted Bunting 

14. Belted Kingfisher 34. Blue winged Warbler 


15. Ladder Backed Woodpecker 35. Chickadee 
16. Red Headed Woodpecker 36. Blue Bird 


17. Flicker 37. Mockingbird 
18. Night Hawk 38. Carolina Wren 
19. Ruby Throat Hummingbird 39. Butcher Bird 
20. Scissor-tailed Flycatcher 40. Bittern 

Key to Sizes: 


VERY SMALL. Length under six inches. Birds distinctly smaller 
than the English sparrow. 


Ruby-throat Hummingbird Blue winged Warbler 
Painted Bunting Chickadee 
Blue Bird Carolina Wren 
SMALL. Length six to eight inches. Birds the size of an English spar- 


row or slightly larger. 


Screech Ow] Red winged Blackbird 
Ladder backed Woodpecker Orchard Oriole 
Scissor tailed Flycatcher English Sparrow 

Bee Martin Lark Sparrow 

Crested Flycatcher Blue Bird 


Cow Blackbird 


AVERAGE. Length eight to twelve inches. Birds the size of a 
Mockingbird or slightly larger. 


Kill-Deer Night Hawk 
Bob White Blue Jay 
Mourning Dove Meadow Lark 


Sparrow Hawk Cardinal 


IMiGSUABULLETIN 63 


TOO eee 


Burrowing Owl Mockingbird 
Rain Crow Butcher Bird ° 
Red headed Woodpecker Flicker 
LARGE. Length twelve to twenty inches. Birds the size of a Crow 
or slightly smaller. 


Rain Crow Crow 
Belted Kingfisher - Grackle 
Flicker 


VERY LARGE. Length twenty to forty inches. Birds conspicu- 


ously larger than a Crow. 


Blue Heron American Barn Owl 
Turkey Buzzard Road Runner 

Black Buzzard Bittern 

Red Tailed Hawk 


Key to Colors: 


RED appearing conspicuously in the plumage. 
Red-headed Woodpecker 
Ruby-throat Hummingbird 
Red winged Blackbird 
Cardinal 
Painted Bunting 


YELLOW or OR'AANGE appearing conspicuously in the plumage: 
Flicker 
Scissor tailed Flycatcher 
Meadow Lark 
Orchard Oriole 
Blue winged Warbler 


BLUE appearing conspicuously in the plumage: 
Blue Heron 
Belted Kingfisher 
Blue Jay 
Painted Bunting 
Blue Winged Warbler 
Blue Bird 


BLACK plumage or mainly black: 
Black Buzzard 


Crow 


Cow Bird 


MNT NA 


TTT nT TTT TT 


Red Winged Blackbird 
Grackle 


GRAY predominant in the plumage: 
American Barn Owl 
Screech Owl 
Road Runner 
Ladder Backed Woodpecker 
Night Hawk 
Scissor Tailed Flycatcher 
Mocking Bird 
Butcher Bird 


BROWN predominant in the plumage: 


Mourning Dove 
Burrowing Owl 


Rain Crow 


